ASTM D7151-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Insulating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Insulating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10 through 100 μg/kg range.
5.2 This test method can be used to monitor equipment condition and help to define when corrective action is needed. It can also be used to detect contamination such as from silicone fluids (via Silicon) or from dirt (via Silicon and Aluminum).
5.3 This test method can be used to indicate the efficiency of reclaiming used insulating oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications. (A) These wavelengths are only suggested and do not represent all possible choices.
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.2
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).
1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional, appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7151 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Elements in Insulating Oils by Inductively
1
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7151; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled
plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific
2. Referenced Documents
elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results
C1109 Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates from
in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applica-
Nuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively Coupled
tions.
Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble
D1744 Test Method for Water in Liquid Petroleum Products
4
particulates.Analytical results are particle size dependent, and
by Karl Fischer Reagent
low results are obtained for particles larger than several
D2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-
2
micrometers.
uids and Gases
1.3 Thistestmethoddeterminesthedissolvedmetals(which D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as
canoriginatefromoverheatingorarcing,orboth)andaportion Analytical Standards
of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of
wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by
particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger etry (ICP-AES)
particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
into the sample excitation zone. ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
sample for those users who wish to separately determine
dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total
3. Terminology
metals).
3.1 Definitions for general terms are found in Terminology
1.5 Elementspresentatconcentrationsabovetheupperlimit
D2864.
of the calibration curves can be determined with additional,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.
3.2.1 Babington-type nebulizer, n—a device that generates
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
an aerosol by flowing a liquid over a surface that contains an
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
orifice from which gas flows at a high velocity.
standard.
3.2.2 inductively-coupled plasma (ICP), n—a high-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
temperature discharge generated by flowing an ionizable gas
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
through a magnetic field induced by a load coil that surrounds
the tubes carrying the gas.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
3
mitteeD27.03 on Analytical Tests. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7151-13. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7151-15. the ASTM website.
2 4
Eisentraut, K. J., Newman, R. W., Saba, C. S., Kauffman, R. E., and Rhine, W. Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
E., Analytical Chemistry, Vol 56, 1984. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 -
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7151 − 13 D7151 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Elements in Insulating Oils by Inductively
1
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7151; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma
atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method
D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble
particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several
2
micrometers.
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion
of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles
less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are
less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved
metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).
1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional,
appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1109 Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates from Nuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic
Emission Spectroscopy
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
4
D1744 Test Method for Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent
D2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as Analytical Standards
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD27.03
on Analytical Tests.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013May 1, 2015. Published November 2013June 2015. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052013 as
D7151-05.-13. DOI: 10.1520/D7151-13.10.1520/D7151-15.
2
Eisentraut, K. J., Newman, R. W., Saba, C. S., Kauffman, R. E., and Rhine, W. E., Analytical Chemistry, Vol 56, 1984.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7151 − 15
A
TABLE 1 Elements Determined and Suggested Wavelengths
Element Wavelength, nm
Aluminum 308.22, 396.15, 309.27
Cadmium 226.50. 214.44
Cobalt 228.62 231.16
Copper 324.75
Iron 259.94, 238.20
Lead 220.35
Nickel 231.60, 227.02, 221.65
Scandium 361.38
Silicon 288.16, 2
...
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