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ASTM D7111-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trace elemental analysis is used to indicate the level of contamination of middle distillate fuels. Trace metals in turbine fuels can cause corrosion and deposition on turbine components at elevated temperatures. Some diesel fuels have specification limit requirements for trace metals to guard against engine deposits. Trace level copper in middle distillate aviation turbine fuel can significantly accelerate thermal instability of the fuel leading to oxidation and production of detrimental insoluble deposits in the engine.  
5.2 Gas turbine fuel oil Specification D2880 provides recommended upper limits for five trace metals (calcium, lead, sodium, potassium, and vanadium). Military specification MIL-F-16884M for naval distillate fuel sets requirements for maximum concentrations of the same five metals. Both specifications designate Test Method D3605, an atomic absorption/flame emission method, for the quantitative analysis of four of the metals. Test Method D3605 does not cover potassium. This test method provides an alternative to Test Method D3605, covers potassium and a number of additional elements.  
5.3 There are several sources of multi-element contamination of naval distillate fuel. Sea water is pumped into the diesel fuel tanks (as ballast) to trim ships. Also, some of the oilers (fuel supply ships) have dirty tanks. Corrosion products come from unlined tanks, piping, pumps, and heat exchangers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of selected elements in middle distillate fuels by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. The concentration range of this test method is approximately 0.1 to 2.0 mg/kg. The test method may be used for concentrations outside of this range; however, the precision statements may not be applicable. Middle distillate fuels covered in this test method have all distillation fractions contained within the boiling range of 150 to 390°C. This includes, but is not limited to, diesel fuels and aviation turbine fuels.  
1.2 This test method is not intended to analyze insoluble particulates. However, very small particulate matter (smaller than a micrometre) will be carried into the plasma and be included in the quantitative analysis.  
1.3 This test method may give a result that is higher than the true value if an analyte is present in the sample in a form which is sufficiently volatile. For example, hexamethyldisiloxane will generate a biased high result for silicon.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2014
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.03 - Elemental Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Replaced By
ASTM D7111-15 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015

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ASTM D7111-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)ASTM D7111-14 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7111 − 14
StandardTest Method for
Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels
by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
1
Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels
by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy
1.1 This test method covers the determination of selected
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
elements in middle distillate fuels by inductively coupled
Petroleum Products
plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
elements are listed in Table 1. The concentration range of this
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
testmethodisapproximately0.1to2.0mg/kg.Thetestmethod
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of
may be used for concentrations outside of this range; however,
Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by
the precision statements may not be applicable. Middle distil-
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
late fuels covered in this test method have all distillation
etry (ICP-AES)
fractions contained within the boiling range of 150 to 390°C.
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
This includes, but is not limited to, diesel fuels and aviation
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
turbine fuels.
Measurement System Performance
1.2 This test method is not intended to analyze insoluble
D6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products
particulates. However, very small particulate matter (smaller
and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
than a micrometre) will be carried into the plasma and be
D7260 Practice for Optimization, Calibration, and Valida-
included in the quantitative analysis.
tion of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission
Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for ElementalAnalysis of Petro-
1.3 Thistestmethodmaygivearesultthatishigherthanthe
truevalueifananalyteispresentinthesampleinaformwhich leum Products and Lubricants
is sufficiently volatile. For example, hexamethyldisiloxane will 2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-F-16884M Military Specification, Fuel, Naval Distil-
generate a biased high result for silicon.
3
late
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 calibration, n—the determination of the values of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
significant parameters by comparison with values indicated by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a set of reference standards.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2 calibration curve, n—the graphical or mathematical
2. Referenced Documents representation of a relationship between the assigned (known)
2 values of standards and the measured responses from the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
measurement system.
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
3.1.3 calibration standard, n—a standard having an ac-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on cepted value (reference value) for use in calibrating a measure-
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
ment instrument or system.
Subcommittee D02.03 on Elemental Analysis.
3.1.4 detection limit, n—a stated limiting value that desig-
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved
in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7111 – 11. DOI: 10.1520/
nates the lowest concentration that can be determined with
D7111-14.
confidence and that is specific to the analytical procedure used.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), SEA03R42, 1333 Isaac Hull Ave.,
the ASTM website. SE, Washington, DC 20376.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7111−14
TABLE 1 Elements and Recommended Wavelengths TABLE 2 Internal Standards, Recommended Wavelengths, and
Approximate Use Concentrations
Element Wavelengths, nm
Internal Wavelength,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7111 − 11 D7111 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels
by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
1
Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of selected elements in middle distillate fuels by inductively coupled plasma
atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. The concentration range of this test method
is approximately 0.1 to 2.0 mg/kg. The test method may be used for concentrations outside of this range; however, the precision
statements may not be applicable. Middle distillate fuels covered in this test method have all distillation fractions contained within
the boiling range of 150 to 390°C. This includes, but is not limited to, diesel fuels and aviation turbine fuels.
1.2 This test method is not intended to analyze insoluble particulates. However, very small particulate matter (smaller than a
micrometre) will be carried into the plasma and be included in the quantitative analysis.
1.3 This test method may give a result that is higher than the true value if an analyte is present in the sample in a form which
is sufficiently volatile. For example, hexamethyldisiloxane will generate a biased high result for silicon.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.03 on Elemental Analysis.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011May 1, 2014. Published July 2011July 2014. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 as
D7111D7111 – 11.–05. DOI: 10.1520/D7111-11.10.1520/D7111-14.
TABLE 1 Elements and Recommended Wavelengths
Element Wavelengths, nm
Aluminum 308.215, 396.153
Barium 455.403, 493.408
Calcium 393.366
Chromium 267.716, 283.563
Cobalt 228.615, 236.375, 238.892
Copper 324.752
Iron 259.939
Lithium 670.784
Lead 224.688, 283.306
Magnesium 279.553
Manganese 257.610
Molybdenum 204.597, 281.616
Nickel 221.648, 341.476
Phosphorus 214.914, 213.618
Palladium 340.458, 342.124
Platinum 214.423
Potassium 766.490
Sodium 588.995
Silicon 251.611
Silver 328.068
Strontium 407.771
Tin 283.999, 189.991
Titanium 334.940
Vanadium 310.230
Zinc 213.857
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7111 − 14
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
D6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
D7260 Practice for Optimization, Calibration, and Validation of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry
(ICP-AES) for Elemental Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants
2.2 Military Standard:
3
MIL-F-16884JMIL-F-16884M Military Specification, Fuel, Naval Distillate
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 calibration, n—the determination of the values of the significant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a set
of reference standards.
3.1.2 calibration curve, n—the graphical or mathematical representation of a relationsh
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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ASTM
ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these samples types has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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