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ASTM E2818-11

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds

Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test practice provides a recommended procedure for preparing fracture toughness specimens from welds to improve the likelihood of obtaining useful fracture toughness values.
The subsequent fracture toughness values, that have significance and use as stated in the applicable ASTM test method, may allow for flaw tolerance assessments of welded structures. Flaw tolerance assessments require an understanding and compensation for the differences that may exist between laboratory test results and field conditions.
The shallow-notched specimen testing procedures described in Annex E of ISO 15653 may be used by agreement between the parties involved as long as it is understood that Annex E is “Informative” and the result is a geometry dependent measurement of toughness that is not validated by the applicable test standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides methods for preparing specimens from welds in metallic materials and interpreting subsequent test results when used in conjunction with standards Test Methods E1290 and E1820 for the determination of fracture toughness. The fatigue pre-cracking procedures included in this practice may also be used to aid in preparing straight pre-cracks for weld specimens in accordance with Test Method E1681.
1.2 This practice draws heavily from ISO 15653: Metallic materials – Method of test for the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness of welds. All references to ISO 12135 in that test method should be replaced with the applicable ASTM Test Methods (E1820, E1290 or E1681).  
1.3 The recommended specimen is a single-edge bend [SE(B)] with width, W, equal to twice the specimen thickness, B. An alternate SE(B) specimen with W/B equal to one and a span, S, to W ratio of 4 may be used but may produce different toughness values. A compact tension [C(T)] specimen may be used if it can be demonstrated that the analysis of results properly accounts for weld-to-base metal strength mismatch effects on fracture toughness.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2011
ICS
25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
Technical Committee
E08 - Fatigue and Fracture
Drafting Committee
E08.07 - Fracture Mechanics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2818-11(2019) - Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1457-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Creep Crack Growth Times in Metals
Effective Date
01-May-2011

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ASTM E2818-11 - Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of WeldsASTM E2818-11 - Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds
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ASTM E2818-11 - Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2818 − 11
Standard Practice for
1
Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2818; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice provides methods for preparing specimens
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
from welds in metallic materials and interpreting subsequent
terials
test results when used in conjunction with standards Test
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement
Methods E1290 and E1820 for the determination of fracture
(CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn
toughness. The fatigue pre-cracking procedures included in
3
2013)
this practice may also be used to aid in preparing straight
E1681 Test Method for Determining Threshold Stress Inten-
pre-cracks for weld specimens in accordance withTest Method
sityFactorforEnvironment-AssistedCrackingofMetallic
E1681.
Materials
1.2 This practice draws heavily from ISO 15653: Metallic
E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
materials – Method of test for the determination of quasistatic
E1823 TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
fracture toughness of welds. All references to ISO 12135 in
4
2.2 ISO Standard:
that test method should be replaced with the applicableASTM
ISO 12135 Metallic materials – Unified method of test for
Test Methods (E1820, E1290 or E1681).
the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
ISO 15653 Metallic materials–Method of test for the deter-
1.3 The recommended specimen is a single-edge bend
mination of quasistatic fracture toughness of welds
[SE(B)] with width, W, equal to twice the specimen thickness,
B. An alternate SE(B) specimen with W/B equal to one and a
3. Terminology
span, S, to W ratio of 4 may be used but may produce different
toughness values. A compact tension [C(T)] specimen may be
3.1 Terminology of E1823 and ISO 15653 are applicable to
used if it can be demonstrated that the analysis of results
this test practice with the following additions.
properly accounts for weld-to-base metal strength mismatch
3.2 Definitions:
effects on fracture toughness.
3.2.1 base metal yield strength—The base metal 0.2% offset
base
yield strength σ is defined by testing tensile specimens per
1.4 The recommended limitation on weld-to-base metal ~ !
ys
Test Method E8/E8M.
yield strength ratio is
weld
σ
3.2.1.1 Discussion—ISO 15653 uses R to represent the
ys
p0,2b
0.5, ,1.5 (1)
base
σ
base metal yield strength.
ys
Undermatching within this limitation leads to conservative weld
σ
ys
estimates of fracture toughness, while overmatching may 3.2.2 overmatched—Any weldment having .1
base
σ
ys
lead to an overestimation of the fracture toughness by up to
3.2.3 test temperature—The test temperature for tensile
10%.
specimens shall either be identical to the test temperature for
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the fracture toughness specimens, or evidence shall be pro-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
vided to demonstrate that there is not an appreciable change in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture www.astm.org.
4
Mechanics. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published July 2011. DOI: la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
10.1520E2818-11. www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2818 − 11
the yield strength between the test temperature used for the 7. Specimen Configuration, Dimensions, and Preparation
tensile and fracture toughness tests.
7.1 The following sections override ISO 15653 where
weld
σ
ys applicable.
3.2.4 undermatched—Any weldment having ,1
base
σ
ys
7.1.1 Specimen:
3.2.5 weldmetalyieldstrength—Theweldme
...

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Standard Practice for Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness of Welds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test practice provides a recommended procedure for preparing fracture toughness specimens from welds to improve the likelihood of obtaining useful fracture toughness values.  
5.1.1 The subsequent fracture toughness values, that have significance and use as stated in the applicable ASTM test method, may allow for flaw tolerance assessments of welded structures. Flaw tolerance assessments require an understanding and compensation for the differences that may exist between laboratory test results and field conditions.  
5.1.2 The shallow-notched specimen testing procedures described in Annex E of ISO 15653 may be used by agreement between the parties involved as long as it is understood that Annex E is “Informative” and the result is a geometry dependent measurement of toughness that is not validated by the applicable test standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides methods for preparing specimens from welds in metallic materials and interpreting subsequent test results when used in conjunction with standards Test Methods E1290 and E1820 for the determination of fracture toughness. The fatigue pre-cracking procedures included in this practice may also be used to aid in preparing straight pre-cracks for weld specimens in accordance with Test Method E1681.  
1.2 This practice draws heavily from ISO 15653: Metallic materials – Method of test for the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness of welds. All references to ISO 12135 in that test method should be replaced with the applicable ASTM Test Methods (E1820, E1290 or E1681).  
1.3 The recommended specimen is a single-edge bend [SE(B)] with width, W, equal to twice the specimen thickness, B. An alternate SE(B) specimen with W/B equal to one and a span, S, to W ratio of 4 may be used but may produce different toughness values. A compact tension [C(T)] specimen may be used if it can be demonstrated that the analysis of results properly accounts for weld-to-base metal strength mismatch effects on fracture toughness.  
1.4 The recommended limitation on weld-to-base metal yield strength ratio is
Undermatching within this limitation leads to conservative estimates of fracture toughness, while overmatching may lead to an overestimation of the fracture toughness by up to 10%.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in Sections 7, 8, and 9, when implemented using suitable equipment and procedures in either a shop or field environment, produce strong pressure-tight joints equal to the strength of the piping material. Some materials are more adaptable to one technique than another. Melt characteristics, average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are influential factors in establishing suitable fusion parameters; therefore, consider the manufacturer's instructions in the use or development of a specific fusion procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes general procedures for making joints with polyolefin pipe and fittings (excluding polyethylene pipe and fittings) by means of heat fusion joining techniques in either a shop or field environment. These procedures are general ones. Specific instructions for heat fusion joining are obtained from product manufacturers. See Practice F2620 for heat fusion joining of polyethylene pipe and fittings.  
1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to joining polyolefin pipe and fittings of related polymer chemistry, for example, polypropylenes to polypropylenes, or polybutylenes to polybutylenes. Material, density, and flow rate shall be taken into consideration in order to develop uniform melt viscosities and formation of a good fusion bond when joining the same material to itself or to other materials of related polymer chemistry.  
1.3 Parts that are within the dimensional tolerances given in present ASTM specifications are required to produce sound joints between polyolefin pipe and fittings when using the joining techniques described in this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments

ABSTRACT
This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
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1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers typical details of welded joints commonly used in shipboard piping systems. These joints and other joints may be used provided the welding procedures used have been qualified in accordance with the applicable regulatory rules and regulations. The maximum butt weld reinforcement of differnet nominal wall thicknesses of pipe or tube shall be discussed.
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Standard Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of the alternating current field measurement method is to evaluate welds for surface breaking discontinuities such as fabrication and fatigue cracks. The examination results may then be used by qualified organizations to assess weld service life or other engineering characteristics (beyond the scope of this practice). This practice is not intended for the examination of welds for non-surface breaking discontinuities.
SCOPE
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system might not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
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Standard Practice for Examination of Carbon Steel Welds Using An Eddy Current Array

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4.1 Eddy Current Arrays for Crack Detection and Sizing in Carbon Steel Welds—Eddy current sensor arrays permit rapid examination of carbon steel welds for surface-breaking cracks located on the surface closest to the sensor array. As described in Guide E2884, these sensor arrays can have multiple drive-sense pairs for each element of the array or a large single drive winding construct with multiple individual sense elements. However, not all ECA probe designs allow for accurate depth sizing of such discontinuities over a significant range (several millimeters, for example). To achieve proper crack depth sizing, the system shall exhibit certain characteristics, such as: (1) a lift-off signal that allows monitoring the lift-off over the range of values of interest for the examination, (2) suitable separation between the lift-off signal and the defect signal (this depends upon the instrument used and can be viewed as a phase separation in an impedance plane display), (3) the capability to make use of the lift-off values for crack depth determination, (4) the capability to take into account material properties variations for crack depth determination along and across the weld, and (5) a uniform sensitivity for the sensing elements of the array in order to provide an effective single-pass examination, which is expected when using an array sensor.  
4.2 Array Sensors and Single Sensing Element Sensors—Depending on the weld geometry, it may be possible to use either a sensor array or a sensor with a single sensing element. The sensor array generally provides a better spatial representation of the weld properties and an improved probability of detection for discontinuities. The size of the array, as well as the size and number of individual sensing elements within the array depend on the weld geometry and other factors such as target discontinuities. When a single-sensing element sensor is used, it shall produce signals that exhibit the characteristics listed in 4.1 and th...
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1.1 This practice covers the use of an eddy current array (ECA) or an eddy current sensor for nondestructive examination of carbon steel welds. It includes the detection and sizing of surface-breaking cracks in such joints, accommodating for nonmagnetic and nonconductive coating up to 5 mm thick between the sensor and the joint. The practice covers a variety of cracking defects, such as fatigue cracks and other types of planar discontinuities, at various locations in the weld (heat-affected zone, toe area, and weld cap, for example). It covers the length and depth sizing of such surface-breaking discontinuities. This practice can be used for flush-ground and not flush-ground welds. For specific ferrous alloys or specific welded parts, the user may need a more specific procedure.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Guided Side Bend Evaluation of Polyethylene Pipe Butt Fusion Joint

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard practice is a procedure to evaluate the ductility of side bend test specimens that are a transverse section of the pipe wall and butt fusion. Side bend test specimens are prepared from bend test coupons from sample polyethylene pipe butt fusion joints that are made using polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and greater. A three-point bend is applied to the side bend test specimen by pressing the side bend test specimen into a gap between two rotatable supports with a loading nose. The bending load is applied such that the bending strain is transverse to the plane of the fusion joint.  
5.2 Equipment for cutting bend test coupons, preparing side bend test specimens and conducting this practice is available for laboratory and for field use.  
5.3 Benchmark criteria for evaluating field testing results are developed by testing a statistically valid number of sample butt fusions in a controlled environment, preferably using equipment for field use. Guided side bend test results from field tests are then evaluated by comparison to benchmark test results from the controlled environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, specimen preparation and procedure for conducting a guided three point side bend evaluation of a transverse specimen cut from a coupon removed from a butt fusion joint in polyethylene pipe having a wall thickness of approximately 1 in. (25 mm) and thicker. See Fig. 1. This practice provides a means to assess ductility of a butt fusion joint by applying a lateral (side) bending strain across a specimen taken from the full butt fusion cross-section, from outside diameter to inside diameter.  
Note 1: For wall thicknesses less than 1 in. the user is referred to Practice F2620, Appendix X4.1 for bend back testing.
FIG. 1 Guided Side Bend Conceptual Schematic  
1.2 No test values are provided by this practice. The result is a non-numerical report. Criteria for test result evaluation are provided in standards or codes that specify the use of this practice by comparison to benchmark laboratory results as described in 5.3 or by comparison to example results presented in Appendix X1 to this practice.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standard Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Testing of Girth Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the mechanized ultrasonic examination of pipe girth welds used in the construction of gas and oil pipelines. This practice, with appropriate modifications due to changes in weld profile, may also be used to examine repaired welds. Manual techniques such as described in Practice E164 may also be used to examine production or repaired welds. This practice, with appropriate modifications, may also be used to examine other forms of butt welds including long seams.  
4.2 Techniques used are to be based on zonal discrimination whereby the weld is divided into approximately equal vertical examination sections (zones) each being assessed by a pair of ultrasonic search units. See Fig. 1 for typical zones.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of Weld Zones and Discontinuities  
4.3 Thicknesses of material examined are normally 7 to 25 mm (0.28 to 1.00 in.) and pipe diameters 15 cm (6.0 in.) and greater but this standard may apply to other thicknesses and diameters if the techniques can be proven to provide the required zonal discrimination.  
4.4 Examination zones are typically 2 to 3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 in.) in height. For most applications this will require the use of contact focused search units to avoid interfering signals originating from off-axis geometric reflectors and to avoid excessive overlap with adjacent zones.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for mechanized ultrasonic examination of girth welds. Evaluation is based upon the results of mechanized ultrasonic examination. Acceptance criteria are based upon flaw limits defined by an Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) or other accept/reject criteria defined by the Contracting Agency.  
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to the development of an examination procedure agreed upon between the users of this practice.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of Welds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guided bend test as described in this test method is used to evaluate the quality of welds as a function of ductility as evidenced by their ability to resist cracking during bending.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a guided bend test for the determination of soundness and ductility of welds in ferrous and nonferrous products. Flaws, not shown by X rays, can appear in the surface of a specimen when it is subjected to progressive localized overstressing.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off