ASTM D6200-01(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve Analysis
Standard Test Method for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a cooling time versus temperature pathway which is directly proportional to physical properties such as the hardness obtainable upon quenching of a metal. The results obtained by this test may be used as a guide in heat treating oil selection or comparison of quench severities of different heat treating oils, new or used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the equipment and the procedure for evaluation of a quenching oil's quenching characteristics by cooling rate determination.
1.2 This test is designed to evaluate quenching oils in a non-agitated system. There is no correlation between these test results and the results obtained in agitated systems.
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parenthesis are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6200–01 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quench Oils by
Cooling Curve Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6200; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.1 This test method describes the equipment and the
procedure for evaluation of a quenching oil’s quenching 3.1.1 cooling curve—The cooling curve is a graphical
characteristics by cooling rate determination. representation of the cooling time (t) - temperature (T) re-
1.2 This test is designed to evaluate quenching oils in a sponse of the probe (see 7.3).An example is illustrated in Part
non-agitated system. There is no correlation between these test Bof Fig. 1.
results and the results obtained in agitated systems. 3.1.2 cooling curve analysis—theprocessofquantifyingthe
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. cooling characteristics of a heat treating oil based on the
The values in parenthesis are provided for information only. temperature versus time profile obtained by cooling a pre-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the heated metal probe assembly (see Fig. 2) under standard
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the conditions.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.3 cooling rate curve—The cooling rate curve is ob-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- tained by calculating the first derivative (dT/dt) of the cooling
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. time - temperature curve.An example is illustrated in Part B of
Fig. 1.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.4 heat treating oil—a hydrocarbon containing product,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
often derived from petroleum base stock, that is used to
D1744 TestMethodforWaterinLiquidPetroleumProducts mediate heat transfer between heated metal, such as austen-
by Karl Fischer Reagent
itized steel, to control the microstructure that is formed upon
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By cooling and also control distortion and minimize cracking
Comparison Techniques
which may accompany the cooling process.
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
3.1.5 quench severity—the ability of a quenching medium
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples to extract heat from a hot metal.
2.2 SAE Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
AMS5665 NickelAlloyCorrosionandHeatResistantBars,
Forgings and Rings 4.1 Determine the nickel alloy probe assembly’s cooling
2.3 Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS): time versus temperature after placing the assembly in a furnace
JIS K 2242 - 1980 Heat Treating Oil and heating to 850°C (1562°F) and then quenching in a heat
JIS K 6753 - 1977 Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate treating oil.The temperature inside the probe assembly and the
cooling times are recorded at selected time intervals to estab-
lish a cooling temperature versus time curve. The resulting
cooling curve may be used to evaluate quench severity (see
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Note 1).
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.L0.06 on Nonlubricating Process Fluids.
NOTE 1—For production testing, the furnace temperature of 815 to
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
857°C (1500 to 1575°F) may be used.
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D6200 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/D6200-01R07.
5. Significance and Use
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 This test method provides a cooling time versus tem-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
perature pathway which is directly proportional to physical
the ASTM website.
Withdrawn.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
5 6
Available from Japanese Standards Organization (JSA), 4-1-24 Akasaka Boyer, H.E. and Cary, P.R., Quenching and Distortion Control, ASM Interna-
Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 107-8440, Japan, http://www.jsa.or.ja. tional, Materials Park, OH, 1988, p. 162.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6200–01 (2007)
FIG. 1 Typical Temperature/Time and Temperature/Cooling Rate Plots For Test Probe Cooled in a Quenching Oil
FIG. 2 Probe Details and General Probe Assembly
properties such as the hardness obtainable upon quenching of inheattreatingoilselectionorcomparisonofquenchseverities
ametal.Theresultsobtainedbythistestmaybeusedasaguide of different heat treating oils, new or used.
D6200–01 (2007)
6. Interferences resulting cooling curve will be dependent on the temperature
riseduringthequenchandonthetotalfluidvolume.Therefore,
6.1 The presence of water in a heat treating oil has a major
the cooling curve analysis shall be performed with the same
effect upon the results obtained with this test method. Water
volume of fluid.
content of calibration fluids shall be confirmed byTest Method
7.6 Oil Temperature Measurement—Any temperature de-
D1744. If water is present above 0.01 %, the calibration fluid
tection device may be used that is capable of measuring oil
shall be dried at a minimum temperature of 102°C (216°F)
temperature to within 61°C (1.8°F) during drying.
until Test Method D1744 indicates water content at or below
7.7 Timer—Graduated in seconds and minutes, and may be
0.01 %.
part of a computer clock.
7. Apparatus
8. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Furnace—Use a horizontal or vertical electrical resis-
8.1 Reference Quenching Fluid—A reference quenching
tance tube-type furnace capable of maintaining a constant
fluid shall be used for initial and regular system calibration.
minimum temperature of 850°C (1562°F) over a heated length
The primary reference fluid, as described in the Wolfson
ofnotlessthan120mm(4.72in.)andaprobepositionedinthe
Engineering Group Specification , exhibits the following cool-
center of the heating chamber. The furnace shall be capable of
ing characteristics:
maintaining the probe’s temperature within 62.5°C (4.5°F)
Time to cool to 600°C (1112°F) 12 - 14 s
over the specimen length. The furnace, that is, the radiant tube
Time to cool to 400°C (752°F) 19 - 21 s
heating media, shall be used with ambient atmosphere.
Time to cool to 200°C (392°F) 50 - 55 s
7.2 Measurement System—The temperature-time measure-
Cooling rate, max 47 - 53°C/s (85-95°F/s)
Temperature of the maximum cooling rate 490 - 530°C (914-986°F)
ment system shall be a computer based data acquisition system
Cooling rate at 300°C (572°F) 6 - 8°C/s (10.8-14.4°F/s)
capable of providing a permanent record of the cooling
characteristics of each oil sample tested, producing a record of 8.1.1 These characteristics are based on quenching a 2000
variationinthetestprobeassemblyoftemperaturewithrespect 650 mL volume of the primary reference fluid in the sample
to time, and cooling rate with respect to temperature. container described in 7.5 according to the procedure outlined
7.3 Probe—The probe shall be cylindrical, having a diam- in Section 13.
eter of 12.5 60.01 mm (0.492 6 0.0004 in.) and a length of 60 8.1.2 A secondary reference fluid, such as JIS Standards
60.25 mm (2.362 6 0.01 in.) with a 1.45 to 1.65 mm (0.057 K 2242 and K 6753, may be used, provided that sufficient
to 0.065 in.) sheathed Type K thermocouple in its geometric statistical cooling curve testing has been conducted so that
center. The probe shall be made of a nickel alloy 600 (UNS results are traceable to the six cooling characteristics of the
N06600)purchasedtoSAESpecificationAMS 5665whichhas primary reference fluid.
a nominal composition of 76.0 % Ni, 15.5 % Cr, 8.0 % Fe, 8.1.3 The reference fluids shall be stored in a sealed
.08 % C, and .25 % max Cu. The probe shall be attached to a container when not in use and shall be replaced after 200
support tube with a minimum length of 200 mm (7.874 in.). quenches or two years, whichever is sooner.
The thermocouple sheathing and the support tube shall be the 8.2 Cleaning Solvent—A hydrocarbon solvent that will
same material as the probe (see Note 2). See Fig. 2 for evaporate at room temperature, leaving no residue (Warning -
recommended manufacturing details. Flammable. Harmful if inhaled.).
8.3 Polishing Paper, 600 grit Emery.
NOTE 2—Caremustbetakenthattheprobespecimenisnotdamagedas
8.4 Cloth, lintless and absorbent.
surface irregularities will influence the results of the test.
7.4 Transfer Mechanism—One of the following shall be
9. Cleaning and Conditioning
used to transfer the heated probe from the furnace to the test
9.1 Cleaning Used Probes—Wipe probe with a lintless
fluid.
cloth or absorbent paper after removal from the oil and prior to
7.4.1 Automated Transfer Mechanism—The transfer from
returning to the furnace. (Warning—The probe shall always
the furnace to the oil shall be completed within 3.0 s. Immerse
be considered hot, as temperature below visual hot tempera-
the probe in the center, 0 to 5 mm (0 to 0.197 in.), of the heat
tures can still cause injury to the skin (Warning—Do not use
treating oil container to a depth where there is 50 62mm
cleaning solvent near the furnace opening especially with
(1.97 6 0.08 in.) of fluid above and below the probe when
automated transfer mechanisms.).) A cleaning solvent may be
quenched. A mechanical stop shall be used for reproducibility
used, but care should be taken that the probe is below 50°C
of probe placement.
(122°F).
7.4.2 Manual Transfer—If manual transfer is used, the
9.2 Conditioning New Probes—Conditiontheprobepriorto
sample container shall be equipped with a fixture to ensure
its initial use with any quenchant by carrying out a minimum
correctplacementinthecenteroftheheattreatingoilcontainer
of six trial quenches, or a greater number if required to achieve
and to the depth defined in 7.4.1. A timer shall be used to
consistency, using a general purpose hydrocarbon oil. Consis-
ensure a maximum transfer time of 3.0 s.
tencyshallmeanthelasttwotestsshallhavemaximumcooling
7.5 Sample Container—A container, preferably a damage-
rates within 62 % in temperature and cooling rate. Clean the
resistant, tall form vessel having an internal diameter of 115 6
5 mm (4.528 6 0.197 in.) shall be selected to provide 50 mL
(1.97 in.) of fluid above and below the probe when quenched.
Available from Wolfson Heat Treatment Centre, Aston University, Aston
It is recommended that 2000 6 50 mL of oil be used. The Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, England.
D6200–01 (2007)
probe assembly between quenches as specified in 9.1. Quench described in Section 13. Calibrate the system prior to using a
the probe in the reference quenching fluid and check according new probe for testing and before and after each new set of test
to 12.3. If the probe does not meet the requirements of 12.3, runs. The limits of the results obtained on the reference fluid
recondition according to 9.3 and then recalibrate again accord- will be established for each reference fluid prior to use as
ing to 12.3. Do not use probes that do not meet these described in 8.1. The limits shall include, as a minimum, the
requirements. following values: maximum cooling rate (°C/s, °F/s), the
9.3 Probe Reconditioning—The probe shall be recondi- temperature at the maximum cooling rate (°C, °F), cooling rate
tioned when the probe calibration according to 12.3 does not (°C/s, °F/s) at 300°C (572°F), and the time in seconds from
meet the calibration limits, of the reference fluid. Recondition immersion to three different temperatures such as: (a) 600°C
the probe by cleaning with emery paper. Although coarser (1112°F), (b) 400°C (752°F), and (c) 200°C (392°F). If the
320-grit paper may be used for initial cleaning, the final finish results deviate from the limits prescribed for each of the six
shall be provided using 600-grit emery paper. Following this cooling characteristics of the reference fluid (8.1), the system
surface cleaning procedure, the probe shall be quenched until shall not be considered as being in calibration. The probe may
repeatable cooling curve results of a reference oil are obtained. need to be reconditioned (see 9.3). Alternatively, when results
9.3.1 An alternative is to recondition the probe after every deviate from the prescribed limits, it is also appropriate to
run. Before testing a set of heat treating oils, the probe is examine the test setup and procedure for compliance to this
quenched into the reference fluid after surface conditioning. If standard and the manufacturer’s recommended practice.
the results comply with the limits prescribed for the reference
13. Procedure
fluid, the probe may be used for further testing. When testing,
the probe is cleaned prior to each run. After testing of the set 13.1 Place the probe in the preheated furnace. Bring the
probe temperature to the required temperature of 850 6 2°C,
of fluids is completed, the probe is quenched into the reference
fluid to ensure that it is still within calibration. (1562 6 4°F) and soak at this temperature for at least 2 min.
13.2 Transfer the probe to the center of the quench oil
10. Sampling
sample activating the data collection equipment at the same
10.1 Sampling shall be in accordance with 7.5. Ensure the time. (Warning—Electric resistance type furnaces may have
sample is representative of the oil being tested.Aclean and dry to be turned off prior to the transfer from the furnaces to the
sample container shall be used. sample when interference with the data collection device is
noted.).
11. Preparation of Apparatus
13.3 Hold the probe assembly without movement, with the
11.1 Preheat furnace to 850 6 2°C (1562 6 4°F), (1500 to
mechanical transfer device or a holding fixture.
1575°F).
13.4 When the temperature of the probe has reached 200°C
11.2 Connect a dry, conditioned, calibrated probe to the
(392°F) or the desired lower temperature, remove it from the
transfer mechanism according to equipment manufacturer’s
oil and clean as described in 9.1.
instructions.
13.5 Run test in duplicate for reproducibility verification,
11.3 Heat fluid to the desired temperature, if production
using the same probe and the same sample of th
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