ASTM E2660-10
(Reference)Standard Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications
Standard Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are designed such that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities.
Graded Discontinuities:
Gas holes, sponge shrinkage, dendritic shrinkage, less dense foreign material
(1) The images of the 1/8-in (3.2-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including ¼-in (6.3-mm). The images of the 3/8-in (9.5-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over ¼-in (6.4-mm), up to and including ½-in (12.7-mm). The images of the ¾ -in (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over ½-in (12.7-mm), up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Cavity Shrinkage, Filamentary Shrinkage:
(1) The images of the ¾-in (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Ungraded Discontinuities:
The images of the 3/8-in (9.5-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).
Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files and drivers may affect their appearance. The Practice E2002 line pair gauges located in each digital reference image can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of the images could be influenced.
Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is cap...
SCOPE
1.1 The digital reference images provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct digital reference images which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through digital radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generally regarded as discontinuities.
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
1.4 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
Note 1—The set of digital reference images consists of 16 digital files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 16 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity in six common discontinuity types and twelve ungraded discontinuities and contain an image of a step wedge and two duplex-wire gauges. Refer to Practice E2002 for wire pair details.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses ...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2660–10
Standard Digital Reference Images for
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Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2660; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
1.1 The digital reference images provided in the adjunct to
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
this standard illustrate various types and degrees of disconti-
2 and are not considered standard.
nuitiesoccurringinthin-wallsteelinvestmentcastings. Useof
1.6 These digital reference images are not intended to
this standard for the specification or grading of castings
illustrate the types or degrees of discontinuities when perform-
requires procurement of the adjunct digital reference images
ing film radiography. If performing film radiography of thin-
which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels.
wall investment castings, refer to Reference Radiographs
They are intended to provide the following:
E192.
1.1.1 Aguide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
degree through digital radiographic examination.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of disconti-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
nuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance stan-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
dards, specifications and drawings.
1.8 Onlylicensedcopiesofthesoftwareandimagesshallbe
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illus-
license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes.
trated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional
2. Referenced Documents
discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
generally regarded as discontinuities.
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting
E192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings
sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
for Aerospace Applications
1.4 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
order or the contract.
E1320 Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings
NOTE 1—The set of digital reference images consists of 16 digital files,
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness
softwaretoloadthedesiredformatandspecificinstructionsontheloading
in Radiology
process. The 16 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity in six
E2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digi-
common discontinuity types and twelve ungraded discontinuities and
tal Detector Arrays
contain an image of a step wedge and two duplex-wire gauges. Refer to
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2.2 SMPTE Practice:
Practice E2002 for wire pair details.
RP133 SMPTE Recommended Practice Specifications for
Medical Diagnostic Imaging test Pattern for Television
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Monitors and Hard-Copy Recording Cameras
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on
Reference Radiological Images.
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Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
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The digital reference images are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
steel castings, requiring close tolerances.They may also be used for nickel-base and Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
cobalt-base cast alloys. Castings for which these images are applicable generally the ASTM website.
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include those made by the lost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or shell mold
Available from Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 3 B
...
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