ASTM D5923-18
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical Site Investigations
Standard Guide for Selection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical Site Investigations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to encourage consistency and thoroughness in the application of kriging methods to environmental, geotechnical, and hydrogeological site investigations.
4.2 This guide may be used to assist those performing a kriging study or as an explanation of procedures for qualified nonparticipants that may be reviewing or auditing the study.
4.3 This guide encourages the use of site-specific information for the selection of an appropriate kriging method; however, the quality of data, the sampling density, and site coverage cannot be improved or compensated by any choice of kriging method.
4.4 This guide describes conditions for which kriging or particular kriging methods are recommended. However, these methods are not necessarily inappropriate if the stated conditions are not encountered.
4.5 This guide should be used in conjunction with Guides D5549, D5922, and D5924.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers recommendations for selecting appropriate kriging methods based on study objectives, exploratory data analysis, and analysis of spatial variation.
1.2 This guide considers commonly used forms of kriging, including ordinary kriging, simple kriging, lognormal kriging, universal kriging, and indicator kriging. Multivariate, space-time, and other less-frequently used kriging methods are not discussed; however, this is not intended to reflect any judgement as to the validity of these methods.
1.3 This guide describes conditions for which kriging methods are not appropriate and for which geostatistical simulations approaches should be used.
1.4 This guide does not discuss non-geostatistical alternatives to kriging, such as splines or inverse-distance techniques.
1.5 This guide does not discuss the basic principles of kriging. Introductions to geostatistics and kriging may be found in numerous texts including Refs (1-3).2 A review of kriging methods is given in Ref. (4).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5923 − 18
Standard Guide for
Selection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical Site
1
Investigations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5923; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Geostatistics is a framework for data analysis, estimation, and simulation in media whose
measurable attributes show erratic spatial variability yet also possess a degree of spatial continuity
imparted by the natural and anthropogenic processes operating therein. The soil, rock, and contained
fluids encountered in environmental or geotechnical site investigations present such features, and their
sampled attributes are therefore amenable to geostatistical treatment. Kriging methods are geostatis-
tical techniques for spatial estimation belonging to the class of least-squares estimators. This guide
reviews criteria for selecting a kriging method, offering direction based on a consensus of views
without recommending a standard practice to follow in all cases.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This guide covers recommendations for selecting appro-
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information
priate kriging methods based on study objectives, exploratory
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
data analysis, and analysis of spatial variation.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
1.2 This guide considers commonly used forms of kriging,
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
including ordinary kriging, simple kriging, lognormal kriging,
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
universal kriging, and indicator kriging. Multivariate, space-
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
time, and other less-frequently used kriging methods are not
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
discussed; however, this is not intended to reflect any judge-
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
ment as to the validity of these methods.
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
1.3 This guide describes conditions for which kriging meth-
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
odsarenotappropriateandforwhichgeostatisticalsimulations
document means only that the document has been approved
approaches should be used.
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.4 This guide does not discuss non-geostatistical alterna-
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
tives to kriging, such as splines or inverse-distance techniques.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.5 This guide does not discuss the basic principles of
kriging. Introductions to geostatistics and kriging may be Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
found in numerous texts including Refs (1-3). A review of
kriging methods is given in Ref. (4). Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2. Referenced Documents
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and Subsurface
Characterization.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally
3
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5923 – 96(2010). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/D5923-18. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the text. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5923 − 18
D5549 Guide for The Contents of Geostatistical Site Inves- 3.2.13 point, n—in geostatistics, the locatio
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5923 − 96 (Reapproved 2010) D5923 − 18
Standard Guide for
Selection of Kriging Methods in Geostatistical Site
1
Investigations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5923; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Geostatistics is a framework for data analysis, estimation, and simulation in media whose
measurable attributes show erratic spatial variability yet also possess a degree of spatial continuity
imparted by the natural and anthropogenic processes operating therein. The soil, rock, and contained
fluids encountered in environmental or geotechnical site investigations present such features, and their
sampled attributes are therefore amenable to geostatistical treatment. Kriging methods are geostatis-
tical techniques for spatial estimation belonging to the class of least-squares estimators. This guide
reviews criteria for selecting a kriging method, offering direction based on a consensus of views
without recommending a standard practice to follow in all cases.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers recommendations for selecting appropriate kriging methods based on study objectives, exploratory data
analysis, and analysis of spatial variation.
1.2 This guide considers commonly used forms of kriging, including ordinary kriging, simple kriging, lognormal kriging,
universal kriging, and indicator kriging. Multivariate, space-time, and other less-frequently used kriging methods are not discussed;
however, this is not intended to reflect any judgement as to the validity of these methods.
1.3 This guide describes conditions for which kriging methods are not appropriate and for which geostatistical simulations
approaches should be used.
1.4 This guide does not discuss non-geostatistical alternatives to kriging, such as splines or inverse-distance techniques.
1.5 This guide does not discuss the basic principles of kriging. Introductions to geostatistics and kriging may be found in
2
numerous texts including Refs (1-3). A review of kriging methods is given in Ref. (4).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace
the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and Subsurface
Characterization.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010Dec. 15, 2018. Published September 2010December 2018. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20042010
as D5923 – 96 (2004). 96(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D5923-96R10.10.1520/D5923-18.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of the text.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5923 − 18
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
4
D5549 Guide for The Contents of Geostatistical Site Investigation Report (Withdrawn 2002)
D5922 Guide for Analysis, Interpretati
...
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