ASTM D5652-95(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Bolted Connections in Wood and Wood-Base Products
Standard Test Methods for Bolted Connections in Wood and Wood-Base Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Connections are one of the weakest links in wood construction. While the strength of metal bolts and of wood or wood-based products are ascertainable, a full evaluation of the performance of the combination is only possible through the testing of a complete connection. Such variables as member thickness, member width, end and edge distances, type of bolt, fabrication tolerances, moisture content of the wood or wood-based product, preservative or fire-retardant treatment of the wood or wood-based product, and species of wood may affect connection behavior. In order to develop design criteria for established bolt types as well as those under development, the effect of these variables on connection strength and stiffness must be known. The tests described herein permit the observation of data on the strength and stiffness of wood or wood-based connections, or both, under the influence of any or all of these factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the strength and stiffness of single-bolted connections in wood or wood-based products when subjected to static loading. These test methods serve as a basis for determining the effects of various factors on the strength and stiffness of the connection.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D5652 − 95(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Methods for
Bolted Connections in Wood and Wood-Based Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5652; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope member of any material are evaluated for capacity to resist
compressive or tensile forces applied at a constant rate of
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the
deformation with a suitable testing machine. The deformation
strength and stiffness of single-bolted connections in wood or
of the connection at various intervals of loading is measured.
wood-based products when subjected to static loading. These
Supplementary physical properties of the wood or wood-based
test methods serve as a basis for determining the effects of
members are also determined.
various factors on the strength and stiffness of the connection.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are for information
4.1 Connections are one of the weakest links in wood
only.
construction. While the strength of metal bolts and of wood or
wood-based products are ascertainable, a full evaluation of the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
performance of the combination is only possible through the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
testing of a complete connection. Such variables as member
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
thickness, member width, end and edge distances, type of bolt,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
fabrication tolerances, moisture content of the wood or wood-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
based product, preservative or fire-retardant treatment of the
2. Referenced Documents
wood or wood-based product, and species of wood may affect
2.1 ASTM Standards: connection behavior. In order to develop design criteria for
D2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and established bolt types as well as those under development, the
Wood-Based Materials effect of these variables on connection strength and stiffness
must be known. The tests described herein permit the obser-
D2915 Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Struc-
tural Wood and Wood-Based Products vation of data on the strength and stiffness of wood or
wood-based connections, or both, under the influence of any or
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials all of these factors.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
5. Apparatus
F606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Proper-
5.1 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine capable
ties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
of operation at a constant rate of motion of its movable head
Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
and having an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated in accor-
2.2 Federal Specification:
dance with Practices E4.
Fed. Spec. FF-W-92 for Washers, Metal, Flat (Plain)
5.2 Spherical Bearing Block, for compressive loading of
3. Summary of Test Methods
specimens.
3.1 Specimens consisting of at least one wood or wood-
5.3 Grips—Gripping devices capable of attaching the speci-
based member fastened with one bolt to at least one other
men to the stationary and moving heads of the testing machine
in such a way as to ensure true axial tensile loads.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.05 on Wood Assem-
5.4 Deformation Gages—Atleasttwodialgageswithaleast
blies.
reading of 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) or other suitable devices for
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
measuring the slip between connection members during load
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5652 – 95 (2000).
application.
DOI: 10.1520/D5652-95R07.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6. Sampling
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.1 Sampling shall provide for selection of representative
the ASTM website.
3 test specimens that are appropriate to the objectives of the
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402. testing program.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5652 − 95 (Reapproved 2007)
6.2 Estimate sample size in accordance with the procedures
of Method D2915.
NOTE 1—The precision required, and thus, the manner of sampling and
the number of tests, depend upon the specific test objectives. No specific
criteria can therefore be established. General experience indicates that the
coefficients of variation from tests on connections range from approxi-
mately 15 to 30 %.
7. Sampling: Test Specimens and Test Units
7.1 Select wood members, and position the bolt in them in
such a way that the results are not affected by knots, cross
grain, or other natural or manufacturing characteristics unless
thepurposeofthetestmethodsistoevaluatetheeffectsofsuch
growth characteristics. When the affects of growth character-
istics are not being evaluated, wood members shall be essen-
tially clear and straight-grained. For wood-based products,
select specimens with regard to manufactured characteristics.
7.2 Connections Containing One Bolt:
7.2.1 Make tests on three-member connections as shown in
Figs. 1-3 except where specific data on two- or multiple-
memberconnectionsarebeingsought.Selectthewidth,length,
and thickness of the members with consideration of required
edge and end distances. Member dimensions shall be represen-
tative of the intended use of the connection.
7.2.2 For connections involving metal or other side mem-
bers (such as panel materials), the side member thickness shall
be that anticipated in service. For all-wood joints, the thickness
of each side member shall be at least one half of the thickness
of the center member and width and length of all members
shall be selected with consideration of required edge and end
distances for a specific application. Minimum end distance
shall be four bolt diameters for compression loading and seven
bolt diameters for tension loading, unless the effect of various
end distances is to be studied.
7.2.3 The excess of bolt-hole diameter over bolt diameter
1 1
shall be ⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) for bolts ⁄2 in. (13 mm) or less in
diameter, and ⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) for bolts of larger diameter,
unless other bolt-hole diameters are specified.
FIG. 1 Assembly for Testing Bolted Connections Parallel to
Grain in Tension
7.2.3.1 Bolt-holes shall be precisely bored perpendicular to
the surface, so that the surface of the hole is smooth and
uniform to ensure good bearing of the bolt. Holes shall be
drilled after members are conditioned unless the purpose of the
test is to study the effect of shrinkage on the performance of
bolted connections.
7.2.4 Bolts shall be of sufficient length to penetrate all
members without having any member bear on the bolt threads.
7.2.5 Place heavy round washers conforming to Fed. Spec.
FF-W-92 for washers, metal, flat (plain), and hereafter referred
to as a standard washer, between wood or wood-based side
members and bolt head and nut. Bring abutting faces of
connection members into normally installed contact; then back
FIG. 2 Assembly for Testing Bolted Connections Parallel to
off the nut and retighten to “finger tightness”.
Grain in Compression
7.2.6 Primary tests shall be made on connections loaded
parallel to the grain of wood members and perpendicular to the
grain of wood members. Perpendicular to the grain tests shall
be conducted with the grain of the center member parallel and members parallel to the direction of the load. These tests shall
the side members perpendicular to the direction of the load or be made by applying compressive or tensile
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