ASTM D5848-20

Standard Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The determination of the mass per unit area of pile yarn floor covering is useful in quality and cost control during the manufacture of pile floor covering. Both appearance and performance may be affected by changes in mass per unit area.  
4.2 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparison testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties prior to testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of mass per unit area of machine-made woven, knitted, and tufted pile yarn floor covering both before and after an adhesive-back coating application.  
1.2 This test method encompasses three techniques for determination of mass per unit area as applicable:  
1.2.1 Section 7, for determining total mass per unit area, applies to both coated and uncoated (unfinished) pile floor coverings.  
1.2.2 Section 8, for determining component mass per unit area, applies only to uncoated (unfinished) pile yarn floor coverings.  
1.2.3 Section 9, for determining pile yarn mass per unit area, applies only to back-coated, or finished, pile yarn floor coverings.  
1.3 Determination of mass per unit area of pile yarn floor coverings was previously contained within Test Methods D418. For user convenience, Subcommittee D13.21 subdivided Test Methods D418 into separate standards, of which this test method is one.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only (except where shown in 1.4.1) and are not considered standard.  
1.4.1 The following sections are measured in SI units: Table 1, sections 9.8.4.2, 9.8.6.3 to 9.8.6.10, A2.1, A2.2, and A2.3.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 9.5.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2020
• ICS: 97.150 - Floor coverings
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.21 - Pile Floor Coverings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5848-10e1 - Standard Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings (Withdrawn 2019)
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2020
• Refers: ASTM D5684-19a - Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM D5684-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
• Effective Date: 15-May-2019
• Refers: ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM D5684-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2012
• Refers: ASTM D123-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D123-12e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM E122-09e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2011
• Refers: ASTM D5684-10 - Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2010

Overview

ASTM D5848-20 - Standard Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings - is a crucial ASTM International standard focused on determining the mass per unit area of machine-made pile yarn floor coverings. This standard applies to woven, knitted, and tufted carpets and rugs, both before and after adhesive-back coating is applied. By establishing consistent methods for quantifying pile yarn mass per area, the standard supports quality and cost control during carpet and textile floor covering manufacturing. Adherence to ASTM D5848-20 ensures manufacturers, suppliers, and purchasers can reliably assess key product characteristics that affect performance, appearance, and commercial value.

Key Topics

• Measurement Scope: The standard covers procedures for measuring mass per unit area on both coated (finished) and uncoated (unfinished) pile yarn floor coverings.
• Three Measurement Techniques:
  • Total Mass Per Unit Area: Suitable for both coated and uncoated products.
  • Component Mass Per Unit Area: Applies to uncoated (unfinished) floor coverings for analyzing individual components such as pile yarn and backing fabric.
  • Pile Yarn Mass Per Unit Area: Specific to finished (back-coated) pile floor coverings.
• Sampling and Testing: Outlines specimen selection, sample conditioning, and standardized testing steps to minimize bias and improve accuracy.
• Units of Measurement: Default measurements in inch-pound units, with SI units included for reference.
• Quality and Dispute Resolution: Incorporates procedures for comparison testing and statistical analysis (e.g., Student's t-test) to resolve differences between laboratory results.

Applications

ASTM D5848-20 provides practical value across the textile and flooring industries:

• Manufacturing Quality Control: Regularly measuring the mass per unit area of pile yarn helps ensure lot-to-lot consistency, manage material usage, and control production costs.
• Product Specification Compliance: Assures customers and regulators that finished floor coverings meet specified mass and performance criteria.
• Performance and Appearance Assessment: Variations in pile mass can affect the durability, texture, and aesthetic appeal of carpets and rugs, making accurate measurement vital for end-user satisfaction.
• Acceptance Testing: Used as a referee method in purchase agreements and commercial shipments to resolve disputes and to validate compliance with contract requirements.
• R&D and Product Development: Facilitates testing and benchmarking of new flooring products or materials by providing clear methodologies for pile mass evaluation.

Related Standards

ASTM D5848-20 is part of a suite of standards supporting the analysis and characterization of textile floor coverings. Relevant related standards include:

• ASTM D123 - Terminology Relating to Textiles
• ASTM D1776 - Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
• ASTM D5684 - Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
• ASTM D1909 - Standard Tables of Commercial Moisture Regains
• ASTM E122 - Practice for Calculating Sample Size
• Earlier versions: The test methods in D5848-20 were previously included in ASTM D418, which has been subdivided into more focused standards for user convenience

By referencing and implementing ASTM D5848-20, manufacturers, suppliers, and purchasers can enhance confidence in the quality, consistency, and performance of pile yarn floor coverings, supporting both technical excellence and commercial reliability in the flooring industry.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5848 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Mass Per Unit Area of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of mass per
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
unitareaofmachine-madewoven,knitted,andtuftedpileyarn
floor covering both before and after an adhesive-back coating
2. Referenced Documents
application.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This test method encompasses three techniques for
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
determination of mass per unit area as applicable:
D418Test Method for Testing Pile Yarn Floor Covering
1.2.1 Section 7, for determining total mass per unit area,
Construction (Withdrawn 1998)
applies to both coated and uncoated (unfinished) pile floor
coverings. D1193Specification for Reagent Water
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
1.2.2 Section 8, for determining component mass per unit
area, applies only to uncoated (unfinished) pile yarn floor D1909Standard Tables of Commercial Moisture Regains
and Commercial Allowances for Textile Fibers
coverings.
1.2.3 Section9,fordeterminingpileyarnmassperunitarea, D5684Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
applies only to back-coated, or finished, pile yarn floor
coverings. Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
Lot or Process
1.3 Determination of mass per unit area of pile yarn floor
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
coverings was previously contained within Test Methods
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
D418. For user convenience, Subcommittee D13.21 subdi-
drawn 2008)
videdTestMethodsD418intoseparatestandards,ofwhichthis
D2906Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
test method is one.
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3. Terminology
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
(exceptwhereshownin1.4.1)andarenotconsideredstandard. 3.1 FordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtoPileFloorCoverings,
D13.21, refer to Terminology D5684.
1.4.1 ThefollowingsectionsaremeasuredinSIunits:Table
1, sections 9.8.4.2, 9.8.6.3 to 9.8.6.10, A2.1, A2.2, and A2.3.
3.1.1 Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:back
coating, backing, backing fabric, binding sites, buried pile
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
yarn, carpet, components, extractable matter, finished, finished
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pile yarn floor covering, floor covering, multilevel pile, pile,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
pile yarn floor covering, pile yarn mass, pitch, primary
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
backing, secondary backing, stubble, textile floor covering,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
total mass, tufted fabric.
Specific precautionary statements are given in 9.5.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Terminology D123.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Coverings. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ε1
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5848–10 which the ASTM website.
was withdrawn January 2019 and reinstated in February 2020. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D5848-20. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5848 − 20
4. Significance and Use covering width. For test samples less than 60 in. (1500 mm)
wide, take one specimen from the middle.
4.1 The determination of the mass per unit area of pile yarn
5.4.2 Where it is known that systematic variations in a floor
floor covering is useful in quality and cost control during the
covering characteristic may occur in bands 18 in. (460 mm) or
manufacture of pile floor covering. Both appearance and
more in width, as with a modular pattern device having
performancemaybeaffectedbychangesinmassperunitarea.
separate controls or adjustments for each module, take test
4.2 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported
specimens from the middle of each band.
test results when using this test method for acceptance testing
5.4.3 When a full-width test sample is not available, take
of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should
specimens as directed in 5.4, and state in the report the width
conduct comparison testing to determine if there is a statistical
available and the number of test specimens taken.
bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assis-
5.5 Atestresultistheaverageofthemeasurementsmadeon
tance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
a set of test specimens as described in 5.4. In these methods,
minimumthetwopartiesshouldtakeagroupoftestspecimens
directions are given only for obtaining a test result from one
that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of
test sample. The value representative of the lot being sampled
materialofthetypeinquestion.Thetestspecimensshouldthen
will be the average of the test results for all the test samples in
be randomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The
the lot sample.
average results from the two laboratories should be compared
using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable
6. Conditioning
probability level chosen by the two parties prior to testing. If a
6.1 Condition the specimen or the test sample in the
bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or
standard atmosphere for testing textiles in accordance with
the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test
Practice D1776.
results with consideration to the known bias.
6.2 Ifthefiberinanylayerofthebackinghasacommercial
regain of over 5%, the specimen shall be conditioned before
5. Test Specimen
measuring. Commercial moisture regains for textile fibers are
5.1 Sampling Units:
listed in Table 1 in D1909.
5.1.1 Uncoated Floor Covering—The basic sampling unit
7. Total Mass Per Unit Area
of uncoated floor covering is a production roll.
5.1.2 Coated Floor Covering—The basic sampling unit of
7.1 Scope—This test method applies to both uncoated and
coated floor covering is a shipping roll. The number of
coated floor covering.
shipping rolls obtained from each production roll ranges from
7.2 Summary of Test Method—Test specimens are cut from
one to over ten.
a conditioned test sample and then measured, or are cut from
5.2 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in Practice
an unconditioned test sample and then conditioned before
E122 when statistical knowledge of the product variability and
measuring, so that the area of each test specimen is measured
test method precision is available, and a decision has been
after conditioning. Each conditioned test specimen is weighed
made on the maximum deviation that can be tolerated between
and the mass per unit area is calculated.
the estimate to be made from the sample and the result that
7.3 Apparatus:
wouldbeobtainedbymeasuringeverysamplingunitofthelot.
7.3.1 Balance, having a capacity and sensitivity to weigh to
Otherwisethenumberofsamplingunitsinalotsampleandthe
the nearest 0.1% of the test specimen mass or to the nearest
useofthetestresultsobtainedfromtheindividualtestsamples
0.01 g, whichever is larger.
shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s quality control
NOTE 1—Weighing to the nearest 0.1% means weighing to the nearest
program or with the specification agreed upon between the
0.01gfortestspecimensweighing10to100g,tothenearest0.1gfor100
purchaser and the supplier.
to 1000 g, and to the nearest 1 g for more than 1000 g. A 100-g, 10.0 ×
5.3 Laboratory Sampling Unit—Alaboratory sampling unit 10.0-in. (254 × 254-mm) test specimen has a mass per unit area of 457
2 2
oz/yd (1550 g/m ) while a 1000-g, 18.0 × 18.0-in. (457 × 457-mm) test
shall consist of a full width section of floor covering cut from
2 2
specimen has a mass per unit area of 141.1 oz/yd (4784 g/m ).
one end of each roll in the lot sample and shall be at least 4 in.
7.3.2 Device for Cutting and Measuring Test Specimens, as
(100 mm) longer than the specimens required for the tests
directed for the procedure selected in Annex A1.
being conducted. Do not cut a laboratory sampling unit of
coated floor covering from a seam end of a production roll.
7.4 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens as directed
in 6.1 before measuring and weighing. For Annex A1 Proce-
5.4 Test Specimens:
dures 2 and 3, condition the test sample before cutting the test
5.4.1 A test specimen is a designated area of a test sample
specimens.
cut from the test sample. For test samples 120 in. (3000 mm)
wide or wider, three test specimens are required for a test 7.5 Sample and Test Specimens—Take the test sample and
method,oneateachedgenonearertotheedgethan5%ofthe the test specimens as directed in Annex A1.
total floor covering width and one in the middle portion of the 7.5.1 For level pile floor covering, the test specimens shall
testsample.Fortestsamplesatleast60in.(1500mm)widebut be at least 10.0 × 10.0 60.2 in. (250 × 250 65 mm).
less than 120 in. (3000 mm), take two test specimens, one at 7.5.2 For multilevel pile floor covering the test specimens
each edge no nearer to the edge than 5% of the total floor shallcompriseafullpatternrepeatorawholenumbermultiple
D5848 − 20
of a full pattern repeat in each direction, but no less than as 8.2 Summary of Test Method—The test specimens used for
directed in 7.5.1. If the pattern repeat is not known and cannot determining the total mass per unit area as directed in 1.3 are
be determined readily, use 18.0 × 18.0 60.2 in. (460 × dissected into the component parts, separating the pile yarn
460 65 mm) for the test specimen dimensions. from the backing fabric, and, if required, separating the yarns
composing the backing fabric one from the other. Each
7.6 Procedure:
component is weighed separately and the component mass per
7.6.1 Preparation of Specimens—Follow the selected pro-
unit area calculated.
cedure of Annex A1.
7.6.2 TestSpecimenMass—Weigheachtestspecimentothe 8.3 Apparatus—Balance, see 7.3.1.
nearest 0.1% (or less) of the test specimen mass, M (Note 1).
8.4 Condition the test specimens as directed in 1.2.3 before
7.7 Calculation: measuring.
7.7.1 Test Specimen Total Mass Per Unit Area—Calculate
8.5 Test Specimens—Use the test specimens prepared for
thetotalmassperunitareaforeachtestspecimentothenearest
determining total mass per unit area as directed in 1.3 or
2 2
0.01 oz/yd (0.3 g⁄m ) using Eq 1.
prepare test specimens as directed in 7.5 and 7.6.
W 5M 3K/ B 3L (1)
~ !
8.6 Procedure:
8.6.1 Manually separate the pile yarn from the backing
where:
fabric in each test specimen.
W = total mass per unit area of the test specimen, oz/yd
8.6.2 In the case of woven and knitted floor covering also
(g/m ),
separate the backing yarns, if required.
M = mass of the test specimen, oz(g),
8.6.3 Weigh each component to the nearest 0.1% of the
K = appropriate conversion factor in Table 1,
component mass, M.
B = average width of the test specimen to the nearest 0.01
in. (0.3 mm), and
8.7 Calculation:
L = average length of the test specimen to the nearest 0.01
8.7.1 Foreachcomponentcalculatethecomponentmassper
in. (0.3 mm).
unitareaforeachtestspecimentothenearest0.01oz/yd (0.1
g/m ), using Eq 2.
NOTE 2—When the template or clicking die procedure of AnnexA1 is
used, a standard area value forB×L may be used in place of values of B
C 5 M/ B*L *K (2)
~ ~ !!
and L determined by direct measurement of the specimens. Round this
2 2
standard area value to the nearest 0.1 in. (65 mm ).
where:
7.7.2 Calculate the average total mass per unit area for all
C = component mass per unit area for the test specimen,
2 2
test specimens of the test sample to the nearest 0.1 oz/yd
oz/yd (g⁄m ),
(1g⁄m ). M = mass of the component removed from the test
specimen, oz (g),
7.8 Report:
K = appropriate conversion factor in Table 1,
7.8.1 State the test sample was tested as directed in Test
B = average width of the test specimen, in. (mm), and
Method D5848 for determining total mass per unit area.
L = average length of the test specimen, in. (mm).
Describe the material or product sampled and the method of
8.7.2 Calculate the average component mass per unit area
sampling used.
2 2
for each component to the nearest 0.1 oz/yd (1 g⁄m ) for all
7.8.2 Report the average total mass per unit area for each
test specimens in the test sample.
test sample.
8.8 Report:
7.9 Precision and Bias:
8.8.1 State the test sample was tested as directed in Test
7.9.1 Precision—The precision of the procedure in Test
Method D5848 for determining component masses per unit
MethodD5848fordeterminingtotalmassperunitareaisbeing
area. Describe the material or product sampled and the method
established.
of sampling used:
7.9.2 Bias—The procedure in Test Method D5848 for de-
8.8.2 Report the average component mass per unit area for
termining total mass per unit area has no known bias and may
eachcomponentforthetestsample,usingcomponentnamesin
be used as a referee method.
common usage.
8. Component Masses Per Unit Area
8.9 Precision and Bias:
8.1 Scope—This test method applies only to uncoated floor
8.9.1 Precision—The precision of the procedure in Test
covering.
Method D5848 for determining component masses per unit
area is being established.
8.9.2 Bias—The procedure in Test Method D5848 for de-
TABLE 1 Conversion Factors for Mass Per Unit Area
termining component masses per unit area has no known bias
To
From
2 2 and may be used as a referee method.
g/m oz/yd
oz/in. 43 940 1296.0
2 6
9. Pile Yarn Mass Per Unit Area
oz/mm 28.350 × 10 836 100
g/in. 1550.0 45.72
2 6 9.1 Scope—Thistestmethodappliesonlytocoatedpileyarn
g/mm 10 29 494
floor coverings.
D5848 − 20
9.2 Summary of Test Method—One or two strip specimens
aretakenasdirectedin9.7.2fromeachtestspecimensuchthat
the combined mass per unit area of the strip specimen(s) is
within 1% of the mass per unit area of the test specimen. The
total mass of the selected strip specimens taken from all test
specimens of the test sample is designated M. Most of the pile
is shear from the strip specimens and discarded, leaving
stubblespecimenswhosetotalmassisdesignatedS.Theburied
pile yarn in the stubble specimens along with adhering coating
material is manually removed from the backing fabric with the
assistance of a solvent that dissolves or softens the coating
material.Mostoftheadheringcoatingmaterialiscleanedfrom
the fiber of this buried pile yarn by further soaking in solvent
and by abrasion. There are three different options to accom-
plish the cleaning of the buried pile. The total mass of this
partially cleaned fiber from all the strip specimens is desig-
nated C. The amount of residual coating material on this fiber
FIG. 1 Two Quart Blender Typically Used to Mechanically Sepa-
is determined by dissolving the partially cleaned pile fibers,
rate Buried Yarn from the Latex Compound
leaving a residue of coating material. The mass of the residue
is designated R. The mass of the pile yarn in the strip
specimens equals the mass sheared from the strip specimens, 9.3.5.5 Spacer, polyethylene ring, approximately 5 in. (130
(M−S), plus the mass of the pile yarn buried in the backing,
mm) outside diameter and 2 in. (50 mm) high to fit bottom of
(C−R). the polyethylene container and support the screen basket.
9.3.5.6 Laboratory Stirrer.
9.3 Apparatus:
9.3.5.7 ShallowTray,ofglass,aluminum,orplastic,mustbe
9.3.1 Balance, see 7.3.1.
resistant to solvent used in testing.
9.3.2 Shear or Clipper, capable of shearing close enough to
9.3.6 Spatula.
the backing so as to leave stubble of approximately 0.05 in.
9.3.7 Tweezers.
(1.3 mm).
9.3.8 LaboratoryForcedAirOven,capableofmaintaininga
9.3.3 Means for Cutting and Measuring Test Specimens, as
temperature range of 221 65°F (105 62°C).
directed for the procedure selected in Annex A1.
9.3.9 Tea Strainer, or similar sieve.
9.3.4 Means for Abrading Buried Pile Yarn in Solvent
9.3.10 Wire Mesh Screen, 100-mesh, approximately4×4
Manual Option:
in. (100 × 100 mm).
9.3.4.1 16 or 60 Mesh Screen (depending on operator
9.3.11 Gloves, chemical-resistant.
cleaning needs), with rim, approximately 8 in. (200 mm) in
9.3.12 Brush, steel.
diameter.
9.3.13 Steam Table.
9.3.4.2 Receiver Pan, approximately 4 in. (100 mm) deep
and12in.(305mm)indiameter,largeenoughtohold16-mesh
9.4 Reagents—All technical grade unless otherwise speci-
screen. fied.
9.3.4.3 Presser,havingaflat,firmsurfaceapproximately1.5
9.4.1 Acetone.
in. (38 mm) wide. 9.4.2 Ammonium Thiocyanate, 70.
9.3.5 Means for Abrading Buried Pile Yarn in Solvent—
9.4.3 γ-Butyrolactone.
Mechanical Option: 9.4.4 Chloroform.
9.3.5.1 Stainless Steel, Industrial Grade Blender, variable
9.4.5 m-Cresol, clear.
speed range 0 to 25000 r⁄min, stainless steel 2 qt container 9.4.6 Decalin.
(see Fig. 1).
9.4.7 Dimethylacetamide.
9.3.5.2 Container, polyethylene or stainless steel, approxi- 9.4.8 Dimethylformamide.
mately minimum dimension 6 in. (150 mm) square at top and
9.4.9 Formic Acid, 90%.
5 in. (130 mm) square at bottom and 7 in. (180 mm) deep. 9.4.10 Hexafluorisopropanol.
9.3.5.3 Wire Mesh Screen Basket, 16–mesh, approximately
9.4.11 HydrochloricAcid,approximately6N.Carefullyadd
4.5 in. (114 mm) square at top and 4 in. (100 mm) square at 1 volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid (sp gr 1.19) to 1
bottom and 5 in. (130 mm) deep.
volume of water.
9.3.5.4 100 Mesh Wire mesh Screen Basket, 4.5 in. (114 9.4.12 Methyl Chloroform, aerosol grade.
mm) square at top and 4 in. (100 mm) square at bottom and 5
in. (130 mm) deep.
The sole source of supply of the Lightning Mixer Model G3-U-05, variable
speed, 180–2300 rpm, or equivalent known to the committee at this time is Mixing
Sunbeam Model 510 Clipmaster with EA-1 SUR bottom blade, or equivalent. Equipment Co., 135 Mount Read Blvd., Rochester, NY 14611. If you are aware of
Available from most agricultural supply sources. alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
Standardsievescreen,TylerScreenScale:16mesh.U.S.StandardSieveSeries: Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
1 mm. Available from most laboratory or scientific supply sources. responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
D5848 − 20
9.4.13 Methylene Chloride. 9.5.3 Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthistestmethodto
9.4.14 Phenol, 88%. establish appropriate safety practices and to determine the
9.4.15 Sodium Hydroxide, 5 60.5%. Dissolve 5.0 60.5 g applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ofreagentgradesodiumhydroxide(NaOH)inwateranddilute
9.6 Condition the test specimens and strip specimens as
to 100 mL.
directed in 6.1 before weighing.
9.4.16 Tetrachloroethane.
9.7 Specimens:
9.4.17 Tetrahydrofuran.
9.7.1 Test Specimens:
9.4.18 Water,TypeIVgradeofreagentwaterconformingto
9.7.1.1 Forlevelpilefloorcovering,thetestspecimensshall
Specification D1193.
be at least 10.0 × 12.5 in. (250 × 320 mm).
9.4.19 Xylene, boiling point between 275 and 284°F (135
9.7.1.2 Formultilevelpilefloorcovering,thetestspecimens
and 140°C).
shallcompriseafullpatternrepeatorawholenumbermultiple
9.5 Precaution—In addition to other precautions, the re-
of a full pattern repeat in each direction, but no less than as
agents cited in 9.4 can cause damage to health and property if
directed in 9.7.1.2. If the pattern repeat is not known and
not used with proper precautions. Some are flammable. Some
cannot be determined readily, use test specimens at least 18.0
are corrosive. Some are known or suspected to be toxic,
× 18.0 in. (460 × 460 mm) in size.
carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or otherwise harmful to
NOTE 3—Before selecting test specimens, examine the back of the test
people. Table 2 lists the boiling point, flashpoint, and the
sample for signs of variation in the amount of back coating. As far as
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
possible, take test specimens at locations having neither high nor low
(ACGIH)ThresholdLimitValuesforeachreagent.Thethresh-
amounts of back coating.
old limits are subject to change and precautions should be
9.7.2 Strip Specimens:
adjusted accordingly.
9.7.2.1 Strip specimens shall be 10.0 60.1 in. (250 61
9.5.1 Usehoods,gloves,andsafetygogglesaccordingtothe
mm)inthelengthwisedirectionand2.5 60.1in.(64 61mm)
hazard presented by each reagent.
in the widthwise direction.
9.5.2 Always refer to the manufacturer material safety data
sheet for recommendations on handling, use, storage, and
NOTE 4—The actual dimensions of a specimen are not critical as long
disposal for each chemical reagent. as the area has been measured accurately.
A
TABLE 2 Reagent Hazard Characteristics
Reagent Characteristics
Exposure
-
C C
D
Boiling Point, Flash Point,
B B
Limits, TWA
Common Name Formal Name Number Dominant
°F (°C) °F (°C)
E,F
Hazard(s)
ppm mg/m
Acetone 2-propanone 67-64-1 133 (56) 1.4 (−17) 750 1780 e, f
Ammonium thiocyanate thiocyanic acid, ammonium salt 1762-94-4 338 (170) .(.) . . d
(decomposes)
Chloroform methane, trichloro- 67-66-3 142 (61) .(.) 10 49 a, c, h, t
m -Cresol phenol 3-methyl- 108-39-4 396 (202) 187 (86) 5 22 i, k, s
Decalin naphthalene, deca-hydro- 91-17-8 378 (192) 136 (58) . . . . . . i
Dimethylformamide formamide, N,N-dimethyl- 68-12-2 307 (153) 136 (58) 10 30 g, i, s, t
Formic acid formic acid 64-18-6 226 (108) 185 (85) 5 9 i, k
Hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid 7647-01-0 228 (109) .(.) 5 7 i, k
Methyl chloroform ethane,1,1,1-trichloro- 71-55-6 165 (74) .(.) 350 1910 a, h
Methylene chloride methane, dichloro- 75-09-2 104 (40) .(.) 50 174 a, h, z
Phenol phenol 108-95-2 359 (182) 174 (79) 5 19 g, i, k, s
Sodium hydroxide sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 216 (102) .(.) . 2 i, k
Sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite 7681 232 (111) .(.) . . l, k
Tetrachloroethane ethane,1,1,2,2-tetrachloro- 79-34-5 295 (146) () 1 6.9 a, g, h, s
Tetrahydrofuran furan, tetrahydro- 109-99-9 151 (66) 6 (−14) 200 590 c, e, f, m, t
Xylene benzene, dimethyl- 1330-20-7 282 (139) 84 (29) 100 435 f
A
The information in this table is provided to alert users to the hazards accompanying the use of these reagents. Each user must make his own decisions regarding the
kind and extent of risk involved and what protective measures to enforce.
B
Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory, Initial Inventory, Vol 1, May 1979.
C
Approximate values from various sources.
D
ACGIH-TLVs (trademarked) Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents adopted by American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienist, TWA = time weighted average.
E
Sources include: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 1992–1993 edition, ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH.
F
This listing of dominant hazards is indicative, not exhaustive. Suspected as well as confirmed hazards are included in some cases.
Legend:
a= anesthetic, narcotic i= irritating
c= carcinogenic k= corrosive
d= forms cyanide fumes on decomposition or contact with acids m= mutagenic
e= explosive s= skin penetrating
f= flammable t= teratogenic, embryotoxic
g= gastrointestinal v= very
h= hepatoxic-liver z= carbon monoxide in blood
D5848 − 20
9.7.2.2 Takeonestripspecimenfromeachtestspecimenfor LowerLimit 50.99E (5)
i
routine quality control and acceptance testing.
9.8.3 Strip Specimen Selection—Weigh the strip speci-
9.7.2.3 Take two strip specimens from each test specimen
men(s) from each test specimen to the nearest 0.01 g. Select s
for referee testing, and for acceptance testing when the pile
strip specimen(s) from each test specimen whose combined
yarn mass per unit area is close to a minimum standard to be
mass is between the upper and lower 1% limiting values
met or exceeded.
calculatedin9.8.2.2forthattestspecimen.Cutadditionalstrip
NOTE 5—Two strip specimens may be taken from each test specimen
specimens, if necessary. Record the total mass of all selected
either as a pair at the same time or as directed in 9.7.2.2 on two separate
strip specimens from all test specimens as M.
occasions. In the latter case, two sets of analyses are performed but the
9.8.4 Stubble Specimens:
massesobtainedfromeachset,ateachstageoftheanalysis,arecombined
9.8.4.1 Shear the pile yarn on the selected strip specimens
as though the two strip specimens had been taken as a pair.
down to a stubble of approximately 0.05 in. (1.3 mm),
9.8 Procedure:
removing and discarding all loose pile fiber.
9.8.1 Preparation of Specimens—Follow the selected pro-
cedure in Annex A1.
NOTE 7—When shearing, avoid including back coating projections or
9.8.1.1 Combinationtemplatesorclickingdiesmaybeused fiberfromfiberlayersneedle-punchedintothebackingfabricwiththepile
fiberofthetuftedfloorcovering,orboth.Stopshearingbeforethisoccurs
to cut the strip specimens together with the test specimens.
even if the pile stubble has not been reduced to 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). In
When a standard size test specimen template or clicking die is
subsequent steps, care must be exercised to keep the layer fiber separate
used on multilevel pile floor covering, the template or die may
from the pile fiber.
be designed to cut as many strip specimens from the test
9.8.4.2 Weigh all the stubble specimens from all test speci-
specimen as possible to provide extra strip specimens, if
mens together to the nearest 0.01 g and record as the stubble
needed.
specimen mass, S.
9.8.1.2 For floor coverings having gages ⁄16 in. (8 mm) or
greaterandessentiallystraightlengthwiselinesofbindingsites
NOTE 8—When separate pile yarn mass per unit area estimates are
required for individual test specimens, weigh the stubble specimen(s)
(less than one-half gage lateral deviation from a straight line),
from each test specimen separately and conduct the subsequent steps of
angle the 10 60.1-in. (250 61-mm) specimen dimension
the procedure treating the stubble specimens from each test specimen
approximately 14° (0.24 rad) to the lengthwise direction of the
separately. When individual stubble specimen weighings are required, as
floorcovering.Thediagonalofthe2.5by10.0 60.1-in.(64by
forthepilethicknessdeterminationonmultilevelpileyarnfloorcovering,
250 61-mm) specimen has this angle to the 10.0 6 0.1 in.
add the masses obtained for all stubble specimens together to obtain the
value of S.
(250 61-mm) side.
9.8.5 Separation of Buried Pile Yarn from Backing—The
NOTE 6—With coarse gages and straight lengthwise lines of binding
objective of this operation is to separate the buried pile yarn of
sites it is possible to lose a whole row of tufts by a small lateral shift in
the location of the strip specimen location when the long dimension is
each selected stubble specimen from the backing fabric(s) and
parallel to the line of binding sites.Angling the strip specimen avoids this
some of the back coating materials. The steps to be followed
problem.
will vary with the type of floor covering construction: tufted,
9.8.2 Equivalent Mass for s Strip Specimens:
woven, or knitted; the type of backing fabric: jute, woven
9.8.2.1 Determine the total mass per unit area of each test
polypropylene, with or without needle-punched fiber, and
specimenasdirectedin1.3.Convertthistoanequivalentmass
nonwoven polypropylene; and the type of back coating: latex,
for s strip specimen using Eq 3.
hot melt, polyurethane, poly(vinyl chloride), and rubber foam.
Variations of composition within each type of coating will
E 5AsW /K (3)
i i
require variations in treatment, as well. Frequently used
where:
procedures are detailed in 9.8.5.1 – 9.8.5.8.
i = numerical designation of an individual test specimen
9.8.5.1 Firstremovemostofanyattachedcushionmanually
(1, 2, . n; where n=number of test specimens),
by slicing with a knife and by abrasion with the steel brush,
E = equivalent mass of the s strip specimen(s) for the ith
i
taking care not to remove pile fiber from the yarn in the
test specimen, g,
backing.
A = nominal area of one strip specimen, 25 in. (16000
9.8.5.2 Remove the backcoating material as directed in
mm ),
9.8.5.3 for poly(vinyl chloride) coatings, 9.8.5.4 for hot-melt
s = number of strip specimens taken from each test
coatings,and9.8.5.5forlatexcoatings.See9.5andTable2for
specimen
...