ASTM C1161-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose strength is 50 MPa (~7 ksi) or greater.
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than one fiftieth of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumption in the standard rule out the use of this test for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramics.
4.3 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen sizes and fixtures were chosen to provide a balance between practical configurations and resulting errors, as discussed in MIL-STD 1942 (MR) and Refs (1) and (2).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull-size scaling.
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this standard, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in MIL-STD-1942 (MR) and Refs (2–5) and Practices C1322 and C1239.
4.5 The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-point flexural strengths. Three-point flexure has some advantages. It ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point–1/4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40 mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedure, or a specified standard procedure. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1161 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope C1239Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural
Ceramics
strengthofadvancedceramicmaterialsatambienttemperature.
C1322Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
1
Four-point– ⁄4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
specifiedfeaturesinprescribedspecimen-fixturecombinations.
Stress-Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are
E337Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
tested on 40 mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures.
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice
peratures)
these sizes may be used. The method permits testing of
2.2 Military Standard:
machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for
MIL-STD-1942 (MR) Flexural Strength of High Perfor-
machining preparation are included: application matched
3
mance Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
machining, customary procedure, or a specified standard pro-
cedure. This method describes the apparatus, specimen
3. Terminology
requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting re-
3.1 Definitions:
quirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—theportionofthespecimen
particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be
between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and
used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-
three-point flexure fixtures.
reinforced ceramic composites.
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
istwicethesizeoftheinnergagesection.Weibullstatisticalanalysisonly
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
includes portions of the specimen volume or surface which experience
only.
tensile stresses.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate strength
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of a specified beam in bending.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1
3.1.3 four-point– ⁄4 point flexure—configuration of flexural
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
strength testing where a specimen is symmetrically loaded at
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
two locations that are situated one quarter of the overall span,
2. Referenced Documents
away from the outer two support bearings (see Fig. 1).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 Fully-articulating fixture, n—a flexure fixture de-
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
signedtobeusedeitherwithflatandparallelspecimensorwith
uneven or nonparallel specimens. The fixture allows full
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
independent articulation, or pivoting, of all rollers about the
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
specimen long axis to match the specimen surface. In addition,
Mechanical Properties and Performance.
the upper or lower pairs are free to pivot to distribute force
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
ε1
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1161 – 02c (2008) . evenly to the bearing cylinders on either side.
DOI: 10.1520/C1161-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
the ASTM website. www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C1161 − 02c (Reapproved 2008) C1161 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Added research report footnote to Sections 11.3, 11.4, and 11.5 editorially in September 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature.
1
Four-point– ⁄4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard. standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular
specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test
specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40 mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures.
Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The method permits testing of machined or
as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary
procedure, or a specified standard procedure. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure,
calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced
ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate
Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)
2.2 Military Standard:
3
MIL-STD-1942 (MR) Flexural Strength of High Performance Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—the portion of the specimen between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and three-point
flexure fixtures.
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section is twice the size of the inner gage section. Weibull statistical analysis only
includes portions of the specimen volume or surface which experience tensile stresses.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical
Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008Aug. 1, 2013. Published January 2008September 2013. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20022008
ε1
as C1161–02c (2008) . DOI: 10.1520/C1161-02CR08E01. 10.1520/C1161-13
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C1161 − 13
3.1.2 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate strength of a specified beam in bending.
1
3.1.3 four-point– ⁄4 point flexure—configuration of flexural strength testing where a specimen is symmetrically loaded at two
locations that
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