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ASTM C1045-07(2013)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions

Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 ASTM thermal test method descriptions are complex because of added apparatus details necessary to ensure accurate results. As a result, many users find it difficult to locate the data reduction details necessary to reduce the data obtained from these tests. This practice is designed to be referenced in the thermal test methods, thus allowing those test methods to concentrate on experimental details rather than data reduction.  
4.2 This practice is intended to provide the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from standard test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in the ASTM Test Methods (C177, C335, C518, C1033, C1114, C1199, and C1363) by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.  
4.3 This practice provides the method for developing the thermal conductivity as a function of temperature for a specimen from data taken at small or large temperature differences. This relationship can be used to characterize material for comparison to material specifications and for use in calculations programs such as Practice C680.  
4.4 Two general solutions to the problem of establishing thermal transmission properties for application to end-use conditions are outlined in Practice C1058. (Practice C1058 should be reviewed prior to use of this practice.) One is to measure each product at each end-use condition. This solution is rather straightforward, but burdensome, and needs no other elaboration. The second is to measure each product over the entire temperature range of application conditions and to use these data to establish the thermal transmission property dependencies at the various end-use conditions. One advantage of the second approach is that once these dependencies have been established, they serve as the basis for estimating the performance for a given product at ot...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from data generated by steady state, one dimensional test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in Test Methods C177, C335, C518, C1033, C1114 and C1363 and Practices C1043 and C1044 by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.  
1.2 The thermal transmission properties described include: thermal conductance, thermal resistance, apparent thermal conductivity, apparent thermal resistivity, surface conductance, surface resistance, and overall thermal resistance or transmittance.  
1.3 This practice provides the method for developing the apparent thermal conductivity as a function of temperature relationship for a specimen from data generated by standard test methods at small or large temperature differences. This relationship can be used to characterize material for comparison to material specifications and for use in calculation programs such as Practice C680.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This practice includes a discussion of the definitions and underlying assumptions for the calculation of thermal transmission properties. Tests to detect deviations from these assumptions are described. This practice also considers the complicating effects of uncertainties due to the measurement processes and material variability. See Section 7.  
1.6 This practice is not intended to cover all possible aspects of thermal properties data base development. For new materials, the user should investigate the variations in thermal properties seen in similar materials. The information contained in Section 7, the Appendix and the technical papers listed in the References secti...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2013
ICS
17.200.10 - Heat. Calorimetry
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.30 - Thermal Measurement
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1045-07 - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Replaced By
ASTM C1045-19 - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM C553-13(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial Applications
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1086-20 - Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Mechanically Bonded Felt Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1668-20 - Standard Specification for Externally Applied Reflective Insulation Systems on Rigid Duct in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C578-22 - Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C195-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating Cement
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1373/C1373M-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Attic Insulation Systems Under Simulated Winter Conditions
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1410-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Cellular Melamine Thermal and Sound-Absorbing Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C552-22 - Standard Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1822-21 - Standard Specification for Insulating Covers on Accessible Lavatory Piping
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1126-19 - Standard Specification for Faced or Unfaced Rigid Cellular Phenolic Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C656-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Structural Insulating Board, Calcium Silicate
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1058/C1058M-10(2023) - Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C534/C534M-23 - Standard Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013

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ASTM C1045-07(2013) - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State ConditionsASTM C1045-07(2013) - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
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ASTM C1045-07(2013) - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1045 − 07 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-
1
State Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope propertiesseeninsimilarmaterials.Theinformationcontained
inSection7,theAppendixandthetechnicalpaperslistedinthe
1.1 Thispracticeprovidestheuserwithauniformprocedure
Referencessectionofthispracticemaybehelpfulindetermin-
forcalculatingthethermaltransmissionpropertiesofamaterial
ing whether the material under study has thermal properties
orsystemfromdatageneratedbysteadystate,onedimensional
that can be described by equations using this practice. Some
test methods used to determine heat flux and surface tempera-
examples where this method has limited application include:
tures.Thispracticeisintendedtoeliminatetheneedforsimilar
(1) the onset of convection in insulation as described in
calculation sections in Test Methods C177, C335, C518,
Reference (1);(2) a phase change of one of the insulation
C1033, C1114 and C1363 and Practices C1043 and C1044 by
system components such as a blowing gas in foam; and (3) the
permitting use of these standard calculation forms by refer-
influence of heat flow direction and temperature difference
ence.
changes for reflective insulations.
1.2 The thermal transmission properties described include:
thermal conductance, thermal resistance, apparent thermal
2. Referenced Documents
conductivity,apparentthermalresistivity,surfaceconductance,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
surface resistance, and overall thermal resistance or transmit-
C168Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
tance.
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
1.3 This practice provides the method for developing the
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
apparent thermal conductivity as a function of temperature
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
relationship for a specimen from data generated by standard
C335TestMethodforSteady-StateHeatTransferProperties
test methods at small or large temperature differences. This
of Pipe Insulation
relationship can be used to characterize material for compari-
C518Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
son to material specifications and for use in calculation
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
programs such as Practice C680.
C680Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
C1033Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Proper-
standard.
ties of Pipe Insulation Installed Vertically (Withdrawn
1.5 Thispracticeincludesadiscussionofthedefinitionsand
3
2003)
underlying assumptions for the calculation of thermal trans-
C1043Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circu-
mission properties. Tests to detect deviations from these
lar Line-Heat Sources
assumptions are described. This practice also considers the
C1044Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-PlateApparatus or
complicating effects of uncertainties due to the measurement
Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
processes and material variability. See Section 7.
C1058Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating
1.6 Thispracticeisnotintendedtocoverallpossibleaspects
and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
of thermal properties data base development. For new
C1114Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
materials, the user should investigate the variations in thermal
Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Measurement. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C1045–07. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/C1045-07R13. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1045 − 07 (2013)
C1199TestMethodfo
...

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1.1 This practice provides the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from data generated by steady state, one dimensional test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in Test Methods C177, C335, C518, C1033, C1114 and C1363 and Practices C1043 and C1044 by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Factors that may influence the thermal-transmission properties of a specimen of material are described in Practice C1045 and the Precision and Bias section of Test Method C177.  
5.2 Because of the required test conditions prescribed by this test method, it shall be recognized that the thermal properties obtained will not necessarily apply without modification to all conditions of service. As an example, this test method normally provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain moisture, although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables such as mean temperature and temperature difference.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the steady-state thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens of thermal insulation using a thin heater of uniform power density having low lateral heat flow. A thin heater with low lateral thermal conductance can reduce unwanted lateral heat flow and avoid the need for active-edge guarding.  
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1.4.2 The remainder of the specimen should not distort the heat flow in that part of the specimen defined in 1.4.1.  
1.4.3 The specimen shall be thermally homogeneous such that the thermal conductivity is not a function of the position within the sample, but rather may be a function of direction, time, and temperature. The specimen shall be free of holes, of high-density volumes, and of thermal bridges between the test surfaces or the specimen edges.  
1.4.4 Test Method C177 describes tests that can help ascertain whether conditions of 1.4 are satisfied. For the purposes of this test method, differences in the measurements of less than 2 % may be considered insignificant, and the requirements fulfilled.  
1.5 The specimens shall meet one of the following requirements, in addition to those of 1.4.  
1.5.1 If homogeneous material...

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ASTM C1043-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the design of a guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources and provides guidance in determining the mean temperature of the meter plate. It provides information and calculation procedures for: (1) control of edge heat loss or gain (Annex A1); (2) location and installation of line-heat sources (Annex A2); (3) design of the gap between the meter and guard plates (Appendix X1); and (4) location of heater leads for the meter plate (Appendix X2).  
4.2 A circular guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources is amenable to mathematical analysis so that the mean surface temperature is calculated from the measured power input and the measured temperature(s) at one or more known locations. Further, a circular plate geometry simplifies the mathematical analysis of errors resulting from heat gains or losses at the edges of the specimens (see Refs (10, 11)).  
4.3 The line-heat source(s) is (are) placed in the meter plate at a prescribed radius such that the temperature at the outer edge of the meter plate is equal to the mean surface temperature over the meter area. Thus, the determination of the mean temperature of the meter plate is accomplished with a small number of temperature sensors placed near the gap.  
4.4 A guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources will have a radial temperature variation, with the maximum temperature differences being quite small compared to the average temperature drop across the specimens. Provided guarding is adequate, only the mean surface temperature of the meter plate enters into calculations of thermal transmission properties.  
4.5 Care shall be taken to design a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate so that the electric-current leads to each heater either do not significantly alter the temperature distributions in the meter and guard plates or else affect these temperature distributions in a known way so that appropriate corrections are applied.  
4.6 The use of one or a few ...
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1.1 This practice covers the design of a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate for use in accordance with Test Method C177.  
Note 1: Test Method C177 describes the guarded-hot-plate apparatus and the application of such equipment for determining thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, the test method includes apparatus designed with guarded hot plates having either distributed- or line-heat sources.  
1.2 The guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources is a design in which the meter and guard plates are circular plates having a relatively small number of heaters, each embedded along a circular path at a fixed radius. In operation, the heat from each line-heat source flows radially into the plate and is transmitted axially through the test specimens.  
1.3 The meter and guard plates are fabricated from a continuous piece of thermally conductive material. The plates are made sufficiently thick that, for typical specimen thermal conductances, the radial and axial temperature variations in the guarded hot plate are quite small. By proper location of the line-heat source(s), the temperature at the edge of the meter plate is made equal to the mean temperature of the meter plate, thus facilitating temperature measurements and thermal guarding.  
1.4 The line-heat-source guarded hot plate has been used successfully over a mean temperature range from − 10 to + 65°C, with circular metal plates and a single line-heat source in the meter plate. The chronological development of the design of circular line-heat-source guarded hot plates is given in Refs (1-9).2
Note 2: Detailed drawings and descriptions for the construction of two line-heat-source guarded-hot-plate apparatuses are available in the adjunct.3  
1.5 This practice does not preclude (1) lower or higher temperatures; (2) plate geometries other than circular; (3) line-heat-source geometries other than circular; (4) the use of...

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ASTM C177-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat flux and associated test conditions for flat specimens. The guarded-hot-plate apparatus is generally used to measure steady-state heat flux through materials having a “low” thermal conductivity and commonly denoted as “thermal insulators.” Acceptable measurement accuracy requires a specimen geometry with a large ratio of area to thickness.  
5.2 Two specimens are selected with their thickness, areas, and densities as identical as possible, and one specimen is placed on each side of the guarded-hot-plate. The faces of the specimens opposite the guarded-hot-plate and primary guard are placed in contact with the surfaces of the cold surface assemblies.  
5.3 Steady-state heat transmission through thermal insulators is not easily measured, even at room temperature. This is due to the fact heat transmission through a specimen occurs by any or all of three separate modes of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, and convection). It is possible that any inhomogeneity or anisotropy in the specimen will require special experimental precautions to measure that flow of heat. In some cases it is possible that hours or even days will be required to achieve the thermal steady-state. No guarding system can be constructed to force the metered heat to pass only through the test area of insulation specimen being measured. It is possible that moisture content within the material will cause transient behavior. It is also possible that and physical or chemical change in the material with time or environmental condition will permanently alter the specimen.  
5.4 Application of this test method on different test insulations requires that the designer make choices in the design selection of materials of construction and measurement and control systems. Thus it is possible that there will be different designs for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus when used at ambient versus cryogenic or high temperatures. Test thickness, temperature range,...
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1.1 This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.  
1.2 The test apparatus designed for this purpose is known as a guarded-hot-plate apparatus and is a primary (or absolute) method. This test method is comparable, but not identical, to ISO 8302.  
1.3 This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory guarded-hot-plate apparatus. It covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this test method are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, calibration and operation of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus are given in Refs (1-41).2  
1.4 This test method encompasses both the single-sided and the double-sided modes of measurement. Both distributed and line source guarded heating plate designs are permitted. The user should consult the standard practices on the single-sided mode of operation, Practice C1044, and on the line source apparatus, Practice C1043, for further details on these heater designs.  
1.5 The guarded-hot-plate apparatus can be operated with either vertical or horizontal heat flow. The user is cautioned however, since the test results from the two orientations may be different if convective heat flow occurs within the specimens.  
1.6 Although no definitive upper limit can be given for the magnitude of specimen conductance that is measurable on a guarded-hot-plate, for practical reasons the specimen conductance should be less than 16 W/(m2K).  
1.7 This test method is applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of sp...

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ASTM E473-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis and rheology. This terminology includes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to thermal analysis and rheology.  
1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoanalytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal analysis. This terminology does not support, nor does it recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word form using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical or thermalmagnetometry.  
1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five years.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1142-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties

SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of only those terms and corresponding definitions included in or being considered for inclusion in ASTM documents relating to thermophysical properties. It is not intended as an all-inclusive listing of thermophysical property terms. Terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion.  
1.3 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field (such as dynamic mechanical measurements) are identified with an italicized introductory phrase.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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