ASTM E390-95

Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds

SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel fusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varying severity levels in different thicknesses of material.
1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based on seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows:
Vol I—Set of 16 plates (81/2 by 11 in.) covering base material up to and including 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness.
Vol II—Set of 29 plates (81/2 by 11 in.) covering base material over 1/4 to and including 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm) in thickness.
Vol III—Set of 32 plates (81/2 by 11 in.) covering base material over 3 to including 8 in. (76 to 203 mm) in thickness.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jun-2001
• ICS: 25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E390-01 - Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1032-19 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 390 – 95 An American National Standard
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Steel Fusion Welds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 390; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel 4.1 These reference radiographs may be used as a means for
fusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varying establishing the types and severity levels of discontinuities that
severity levels in different thicknesses of material. are revealed by radiographic examination of steel fusion welds.
1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based 4.2 Each volume contains illustrations of representative
on seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows: graded and ungraded discontinuities applicable to seven thick-
Vol I—Set of 16 plates (8 ⁄2 by 11 in.) covering base material ness ranges, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 lists the discontinuity
up to and including ⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness. types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base
Vol II—Set of 29 plates (8 ⁄2 by 11 in.) covering base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five
material over ⁄4 to and including 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm) in severity levels, 1 through 5 in order of increasing severity. The
thickness. ungraded discontinuities are included for informational pur-
Vol III—Set of 32 plates (8 ⁄2 by 11 in.) covering base poses.
material over 3 to including 8 in. (76 to 203 mm) in thickness. 4.3 These reference radiographs may be used in contractual
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded specifications, for which agreement has been reached between
as the standard. purchaser and supplier, to establish acceptance limits of the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the types and severity levels of discontinuities revealed by radio-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the graphic examination.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- to the specific energy levels given in Table 3 or to the thickness
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. limits given in Table 1. This document may be used, where
there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels
2. Referenced Documents
or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing and manufacturer.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
5. Preparation of Reference Radiographs
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds: 5.1 The illustration in Vol I and the first two thicknesses of
Volume I, Thickness Up to and Including ⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) Vol II are radiographic while those in the thick section of Vol
Volume II, Thickness Over ⁄4 to 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm), incl II (2 in.) and Vol III are photographic reproductions.
5.2 The radiographs were made to a quality level of at least
Volume III, Thickness Over 3 to 8 in. (76 to 203 mm), incl 2-2T penetrameter sensitivity.
5.3 Table 3 lists the technique used in producing the original
3. Terminology
radiographs. The data are included for information and are not
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this docu-
to be construed as the recommended technique.
ment, see Terminology E 1316, Section D. 5.4 The radiographic exposure was controlled so as to
produce an H and D density of from 2.00 to 2.25 in a selected
1 location on the weld bead. The reproductions used in Vol III
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E-7 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee were prepared to the same density requirements and they
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs.
substantially retain the contrast and detail of the original
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published February 1996. Originally
radiographs.
published as E 390 – 69. Last previous edition E 390 – 91a.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
3 6. Description of Discontinuities
Available from ASTM Headquarters.
Order RRE039001.
6.1 Porosity occurs as voids caused by gas trapped in the
Order RRE039002.
Order RRE039003.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 390
TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness Ranges
Illustration
Base Material Thickness Range,
Thickness,
A
in. (min)
in. (mm)
Vol I
0.030 (0.8) to and including 0.050 (3.3)
0.080 (2.0) over 0.050 (1.3) to and including ⁄8 (3.2)
3 1 1
⁄16 (4.8) over ⁄8 (3.2) to and including ⁄4 (6.4)
Vol II
3 1 1
⁄8 (9.5) over ⁄4 (6.4) to and including ⁄2 (13)
3 1 1
⁄4 (19) over ⁄2 (13) to and including 1 ⁄2 (48)
2 (51) over 1 ⁄2 (48) to and including 3 (76)
Vol III
5 (127) over 3.0 (75) to and including 8 (203)
A
In the special cases of joining two members of unequal thickness, the standard
applicable to the thinner member shall be used.
TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base Material
Base Material Thickness and Grading, in. (mm)
Discontinuity Type
3 3 3
0.030 (0.8) 0.080 (2.0) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8(9.5) ⁄4 (19) 2 (51) 5 (127)
Scattered porosity Grade 1–5
Fine scattered porosity Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Coarse scattered porosity Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Clustered porosity Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
A
Linear porosity (globular indications) ungraded Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Slag inclusions Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Tungsten inclusions Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 ungraded
Incomplete penetration ungraded Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Lack of fusion ungraded Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5 Grade 1–5
Elongated or worm hole porosity ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Burn through ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Icicles (teardrops) ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Longitudinal crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Transverse crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Crater crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
Undercut ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded
A
The severity of linear porosity (globular indications) should be judged by their length and clustering rather than by their radiographic (H and D) density.
A
TABLE 3 Radiographic Technique
Base Material Source-to- Film Type
Screens in
Thickness, kVp mA Timers Film Dis- ASTM
Cassettes
B
in. (mm) tance, in. E94
Vol I
0.030 (0.8) 90 10 180–210 48 none 1
0.080 (2.0) 120 10 150–210 48 none 1
⁄16 (4.8) 150 10 180–270 48 0.005 in. Pb front 1
0.010 in. Pb back
Vol II
3 C
⁄8 (9.5) 175 10 175–200 48 0.005 in. Pb front
0.010 in. Pb back
⁄4 (19) 250 10 43–65 60 0.005 in. Pb front 1
0.010 in. Pb back
60 D
2 (51) 2000 or Co 1.5 45–53 108 0.005 in. Pb front 1
0.010 in. Pb back
Vol III
5 (203) 2000 or 1.5 420–450 108 1
60 D
Co
A
All films were processed by automatic film processors.
B
ASTM Guide E 94.
C
Not defined in Guide E 94; manufacturers’ description is—ultra fine grain, high contrast.
D 60
These reference radiographs were made with Co.
weld metal deposit. The voids may occur as spherical, elon- voids have an elongated dark area with a smooth outline.
gated, or “worm hole” shapes and in patterns that are random, 6.2 Tungsten Inclusions are tungsten particles entrapped in
clustered, or linear. On a radiograph the spherical voids have the weld deposit. These inclusions are particles broken off or
the appearance of a rounded dark area while th
...