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ASTM E2412-04

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry

Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D 5185). A number of physical property tests compliment wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D 445, D 2896, and D 6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1,4-8).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (). This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.Note 1
It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only, and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of used lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in . The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring used lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2004
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.96 - In-Service Lubricant Testing and Condition Monitoring Services
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2412-04 - Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) SpectrometryASTM E2412-04 - Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry
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ASTM E2412-04 - Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E2412–04
Standard Practice for
Condition Monitoring of Used Lubricants by Trend Analysis
1
Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope used to assist in the determination of general machinery health
through measurement of properties observable in the mid-
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring
infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as
additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degra-
noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is
dationinmachinerylubricants,hydraulicfluidsandotherfluids
typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For
used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored
example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal
include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil.
levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as
Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are moni-
presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant
tored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this moni-
physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number,
toring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the
total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitor-
machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Mea-
ing used lubricants and can aid in the determination of general
surement and data interpretation parameters are presented to
machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of
allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare
lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive pack-
results by employing the same techniques.
age formulations.
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
While calibration to generate physical concentration units may
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
on a machine being monitored is recommended or required)
can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the
2. Referenced Documents
same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
minimumvalueforcomparisontoasinglemeasurementorcan
ity)
also be based on a rate of change of the response measured
2 D2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Prod-
(1). This practice describes distributions but does not preclude
ucts by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
NOTE 1—It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend
Petroleum Products
normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits
D5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-
should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the
ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat-
machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.
ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in Base
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for
Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
illustrative purposes only, and are not to be construed as
Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulo-
check for condition monitoring of used lubricants and can be
metric Karl Fischer Titration
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.96 on
In-Service Lubricant Testing and Condition Monitoring Services.
3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
...

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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
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Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
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  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off