ASTM D1401-18a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
Standard Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for determining the water separation characteristics of oils subject to water contamination and turbulence. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8 mm2/s to 90 mm2/s at 40 °C, this test method may be used to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to 82 °C ± 1 °C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm2/s at 40 °C. For higher viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25 °C may also be used. A 1 % sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Designation: D1401 − 18a
Standard Test Method for
1
Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1401; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water.
Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
Although developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having
2 2
D1141 Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean
viscosities of 28.8 mm /s to 90 mm /s at 40 °C, this test
Water
method may be used to test oils of other types having various
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is
D2711 Test Method for Demulsibility Characteristics of
recommended, however, that the test temperature be raised to
Lubricating Oils
82 °C 6 1 °C when testing products more viscous than
2
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
90 mm /s at 40 °C. For higher viscosity oils where there is
Petroleum Products
insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
recommended. Other test temperatures such as 25 °C may also
Fuels, and Lubricants
be used. A 1 % sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
seawater may be used in place of distilled water when testing
BS EN ISO 3696:1995 Water for analytical laboratory use—
certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.
Specification and test methods
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities
are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but
3. Terminology
it should be noted that the water will probably float on the
3.1 Definitions:
emulsion or liquid.
3.1.1 emulsion, n—a suspension of fine globules of one or
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
more liquids in another liquid.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.2 interface, n—a common boundary between different
standard.
phases of a substance.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3 phase separation, n—the formation of two layers, an
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
aqueous constituent and a hydrophobic constituent, separated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by either a common boundary or a layer of emulsion; typically,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the aqueous portion will be the lower phase, but for certain
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
fluidswhoserelativedensitiesaregreaterthanthatofwater,the
For specific warning statements, see Section 7.
aqueous portion will be the upper phase.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
4. Summary of Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.1 A test specimen consisting of a 40 mL sample and a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
40 mL quantity of distilled water, or 1 % sodium chloride
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
(NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater are stirred for 5 min in a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
graduated cylinder at 54 °C or 82 °C, depending upon the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Subcommittee D02.C0 on Turbine Oils. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D1401 – 18. DOI: la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
10.1520/D1401-18A. www.iso.ch.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D1401 − 18a
viscosityofthetes
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1401 − 18 D1401 − 18a
Standard Test Method for
1
Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1401; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the ability of petroleum oils or synthetic fluids to separate from water. Although
2 2
developed specifically for steam-turbine oils having viscosities of 28.8 mm /s to 90 mm /s at 40 °C, this test method may be used
to test oils of other types having various viscosities and synthetic fluids at other test temperatures. It is recommended, however,
2
that the test temperature be raised to 82 °C 6 1 °C when testing products more viscous than 90 mm /s at 40 °C. For higher
viscosity oils where there is insufficient mixing of oil and water, Test Method D2711 is recommended. Other test temperatures such
as 25 °C may also be used. A 1 % sodium choloride (NaCl) solution or synthetic seawater may be used in place of distilled water
when testing certain oils or fuels used in marine applications.
1.2 When testing synthetic fluids whose relative densities are greater than that of water, the procedure is unchanged, but it
should be noted that the water will probably float on the emulsion or liquid.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
D1141 Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2711 Test Method for Demulsibility Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
BS EN ISO 3696:1995 Water for analytical laboratory use—Specification and test methods
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 emulsion, n—a suspension of fine globules of one or more liquids in another liquid.
3.1.2 interface, n—a common boundary between different phases of a substance.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.C0 on Turbine Oils.
Current edition approved March 1, 2018April 1, 2018. Published March 2018April 2018. Originally approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 20122018 as
ɛ1
D1401 – 12D1401 – 18. . DOI: 10.1520/D1401-18.10.1520/D1401-18A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.ch.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1401 − 18a
3.1.3 phase separation, n—the formation of two layers, an aqueous constituent and a hydrophobic constituent, separated by
either a common boundary or a layer of emulsion; typically, the aqueous portion will be the lower phase, but for certain fluids
whose relative densities are grea
...
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