ASTM E2252-02

Standard Practice for Selection of Lead Hazard Reduction Methods for Identified Risks in Residential Housing or Child Occupied Facilities

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the selection of lead hazard reduction methods for controlling lead hazard risks identified during risk assessments of residential dwellings and child occupied facilities.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-2002
• ICS: 91.120.01 - Protection of and in buildings in general
• Technical Committee: E06 - Performance of Buildings

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E2252-03 - Standard Practice for Selection of Lead Hazard Reduction Methods for Identified Risks in Residential Housing or Child Occupied Facilities
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E2115-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 2252 – 02
Standard Practice for
Selection of Lead Hazard Reduction Methods for Identified
Risks in Residential Housing or Child Occupied Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 2115 Guide for Lead-Hazard Assessments of Residential
Housing and Other Properties Frequented by Children
1.1 This practice describes the selection of lead hazard
2.3 HUD:
reduction methods for controlling lead hazard risks identified
Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based
during risk assessments of residential dwellings and child
Paint Hazards in Housing
occupied facilities.
24 CFR Part 35 Requirements for Notification, Evaluation
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
and Reduction of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Federally
standard.
Owned Residential Property, and Housing Receiving Fed-
1.3 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and
eral Assistance; Final Rule, September 15, 1999
are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.
2.4 EPA:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Protect Your Family from Lead in Your Home
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
40 CFR Part 745, Subpart L, Lead-Based Paint Activities
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.5 NIBS:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Lead-Based Paint: Operations and Maintenance Work Prac-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tices Manual for Homes and Buildings
2. Referenced Documents
Guide Specifications for Reducing Lead-Based Paint Haz-
ards
2.1 Wherever the requirements of a reference document
2.6 R.S. Means:
differ from the requirements presented in this standard, the
Building Construction Cost Data
more stringent of the two shall be used.
2.2 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
E 917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
and Building Systems
tice refer to Terminology E 1605.
E 1605 Terminology Relating to Abatement of Hazards
from Lead-based Paint in Buildings and Related Struc-
4. Significance and Use
tures
4.1 This practice outlines lead hazard reduction methods
E 1795 Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid Coating
3 that have been shown to be effective in preventing lead
Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
poisoning in children.
E 1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid Coating
3 4.2 This practice tabulates advantages, disadvantages, and
Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
relative costs of the reduction methods to assist professionals
E 1797 Specification for Reinforced Liquid Coating Encap-
3 such as certified lead risk assessors, supervisors, or project
sulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
designers in selecting appropriate cost-effective options for
E 2052 Guide for Identification and Management of Lead
3 controlling lead hazards identified during a lead risk assess-
Hazards in Facilities
ment. Different control methods may be equally effective in
1 4
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC 20140,
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on Lead Current Edition. http://www.hud.gov/offices/lead/
Hazards Associated With Buildings. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1999. http://www.epa.gov/
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington DC, May 1995. http://
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11. www.nibs.org/
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.12. 1998. http://www.rsmeans.com/
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E2252–02
controlling a given lead hazard and, consequently, the selection 6. Lead Hazard Reduction Methods
of a specific control method may depend on the needs and
6.1 General—There are two approaches to reducing lead
economic constraints of the client or building owner.
hazards: interim control and abatement. Most often, a combi-
4.3 This practice is intended to assist homeowners, owners
nation of the two approaches will be utilized to maximize the
and occupants of rental property, lenders, insurers, and others
effectiveness of hazard management balanced with the cost.
who have interest in selecting options for controlling hazards
6.2 Occupant and Owner Education—All lead hazard re-
associated with leaded paint, dust, or soil.
duction strategies shall include a component on occupant and
4.4 This practice complements Practice E 2115. Information
owner education of lead hazards. The individual responsible
and data gathered in accordance with Practice E 2115 and this
for the lead hazard reduction shall provide the occupant or
practice are used in preparing a risk assessment report. Subse-
owner, or both, with the EPA/HUD/CPSC pamphlet entitled
quent lead hazards are mitigated through implementation of
Protect Your Family from Lead in Your Home. In addition, the
controls selected in accordance with this present practice.
individual responsible for the lead hazard reduction shall
4.5 This practice addresses the most commonly used lead
inform owners that, when a property has been identified as
hazard reduction methods. It is left to users of this practice to
containing lead hazards or lead-based paint, they shall disclose
identify the advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs
this information upon the sale, lease, or rental of the property.
associated with emerging control technologies for comparison
6.2.1 Refer to Guide E 2052 for elements of an occupant
with these characteristics of established lead hazard control
education program.
methods.
7. Interim Controls
4.6 This practice does not address specific State Historic
Preservation Officer (SHPO) requirements should the structure 7.1 Interim controls are designed to reduce the exposure to
lead through relatively low cost procedures that require on-
be eligible for (or listed) in the National Register of Historic
Places or be in a Historic District. For SHPO requirments, the going maintenance. They are almost always an option in every
building owner shall contact the State SHPO (in the particular lead hazard reduction situation; however, if interim controls
State where the property exists). SHPO contact information is cannot control a lead hazard, abatement (see Section 8) will be
available at http://www.sso.org/ncshpo/shpolist.htm. The in- the only option. The main question that the owner needs to
terim control and abatement methods in this practice will work answer is: Are resources, staff, equipment, budget, and will-
in any structure; however, the SHPO may impose specific ingness to manage an interim lead hazard control program
available over the long term.
interim control or abatement methods. 24 CFR Part
35.115(a)(13) should be reviewed by the building owner as it 7.1.1 The National Institute of Building Sciences Lead-
Based Paint: Operations and Maintenance Work Practices
provides an option to use interim controls on a historic
registered structure if requested by the SHPO. Manual for Homes and Buildings, and the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development Guidelines for the Evalua-
tion and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing both
5. Training and Experience Requirements
describe and demonstrate interim control methods.
5.1 Selection of appropriate lead hazard reduction methods
7.2 The following are key elements of interim controls:
performed in response to risk assessments shall be carried out
by a risk assessor, supervisor, or project designer as required NOTE 1—Refer to Sections 8 and 9 of Guide E 2052 for developing
interim controls.
under regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdic-
tion. Users of lead hazard control services should review the
7.2.1 Educate occupants and owners regarding lead hazards
credentials and experience of the risk assessor, supervisor, or
(see 6.2).
project designer under regulations promulgated by authorities
7.2.2 Train maintenance personnel concerning the proper
having jurisdiction to determine whether the lead professional
maintenance, cleaning, and surface protection requirements to
is qualified to conduct the work.
maintain a safe lead-hazard-free environment (see 5.2).
5.1.1 Refer to Guide E 2052 and in the U.S., 40 CFR
7.2.3 Conduct periodic visual inspections of coated surfaces
745.226 for additional information regarding training and
by qualified personnel to assess paint integrity.
experience of risk assessors, supervisors and project designers.
7.2.4 Develop a work permit system to ensure that both
5.2 The selection of lead hazard reduction methods shall
in-house personnel and contractors are made aware of surfaces
take into consideration the qualifications and experience of containing lead-based paint.
persons such as contractors or in-house maintenance personnel
7.2.5 Perform proper clearance procedures for each interim
who will implement the selected procedures. These persons control treatment.
should be trained regarding the hazards of lead and the proper
7.2.6 Perform record keeping of all interim control actions,
use of lead hazard reduction methods as required through including but not limited to notification, inspections, actions,
certification or licensure promulgated by authorities having
and clearance.
jurisdiction. 7.2.7 Use safe work practices to protect the occupant,
5.2.1 Refer to Guide E 2052 for additional information workers, and environment while performing interim control
regarding training and experience for workers and supervisors, actions.
and in the U.S., 40 CFR Part 745.227 for information regarding 7.2.8 Perform all work with properly trained and certified
work practice standards, and 24 CFR Part 35 for information personnel in accordance regulations promulgated by authorities
regarding interim controls. having jurisdiction.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E2252–02
7.3 The following are standard practices of interim control Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing describe abatement
that may be selected for lead-based paint, lead in dust and lead methods and procedures, and contain specifications that can be
in soil. Table 1 lists the advantages and disadvantages of using used for abatement projects.
interim controls. See also 24 CFR Part 35.
8.2 Lead-Based Paint—There are four general methods for
7.3.1 Paint Stabilization—Repair of deteriorated paint abatement of lead-based paint hazards: encapsulation, enclo-
through coating repair methods (for example, application of
sure, replacement and (paint) removal. If encapsulation, or
paints, stains, varnishes, shellacs, lacquers, and other coatings). enclosure, or both are used as a hazard reduction option, the
This process is called paint stabilization. Paint stabilization lead-based paint remains in place. In these cases, the encapsu-
means repairing any physical defect in the substrate of a lated or enclosed areas shall be periodically inspected as part of
painted surface that is causing paint deterioration, removing the lead hazard control program. An overview of the advan-
loose paint and other material from the surface to be treated, tages and disadvantages of typical abatement methods for
and applying a new protective coating or paint. lead-based paint are contained within the tables listed below
7.3.2 Smooth and Cleanable Horizontal Surfaces—All hori- and discussed in the paragraphs that follow:
zontal surfaces that are rough, pitted, or porous shall be
Table 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement by
Encapsulation
covered with a smooth, cleanable covering or coating, such as
Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement by
metal coil stock, plastic, polyurethane, or linoleum.
Enclosure
7.3.3 Correcting Dust-generating Conditions—Conditions Table 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement by
Component Replacement
causing friction or impact of painted surfaces shall be cor-
Table 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal by
rected. This may be performed by rehanging doors or planing
Chemical Strippers
doors so that doors do not rub against door frames, installing
Table 6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal by
Sanding and Grinding
window channel guides that reduce or eliminate abrasion of
Table 7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal by
painted surfaces, or by protecting paint on stair treads and/or
Hand-Scraping After Softening With a Heat Gun
floors with a durable covering such as carpeting, tile, or sheet
flooring. In the case of impact surfaces, include treatments that 8.2.1 Encapsulation (see Table 2). Encapsulation is the
eliminate impact with the painted surface, such as door stops. application of a covering or coating that acts as a barrier
7.3.4 Bare Residential Soil—Interim control options for between the lead-based paint and the environment. Guidance
lead in soil include mulching, seeding, sodding, planting for selection and use of encapsulants is given in Guide E 1796.
obtrusive shrubbery, and fencing or barricading the area from Preliminary testing of the lead-based paint and substrate shall
entry by individuals. The important factor is to determine the be performed by the individual responsible for the lead hazard
best approach for eliminating lead exposure to humans from reduction program to ensure that the encapsulant will adhere to
bare soil areas. It is critical to ensure that bare soil and the the surface and that the existing paint or substrate will not fail
subsequent treatment is not subject to erosion. and cause exposure to lead-based paint. Care must be taken to
7.4 Documentation for all interim control actions shall be ensure that the surface is prepared according to the encapsu-
maintained by the owner or owner’s designee. lation material manufacturer’s specification.
8.2.1.1 The individual responsible for recommending the
8. Abatement
encapsulant shall document its location(s) a
...