ASTM D4809-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.
The mass heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this procedure. Its magnitude is particularly important to weight-limited vehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils as the distance such craft can travel on a given weight of fuel is a direct function of the fuel's mass heat of combustion and its density.
The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated by multiplying the mass heat of combustion by the density of the fuel (mass per unit volume). The volumetric heat of combustion, rather than the mass heat of combustion, is important to volume-limited craft such as automobiles and ships, as it is directly related to the distance traveled between refuelings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2 %. It can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated.
1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed by each individual measurement that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.04 %, insofar as possible.
1.3 Under normal conditions, the method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over that of Test Method D 240.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.
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Designation:D4809–09
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter (Precision Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
eral Bomb Method)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
combustionofhydrocarbonfuels.Itisdesignedspecificallyfor
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2%. It
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be
(Lamp Method)
tolerated.
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
by each individual measurement that affects the precision shall
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
be kept below 0.04%, insofar as possible.
lometry
1.3 Under normal conditions, the method is directly appli-
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
cable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel
TurbineFuelsbyLowResolutionNuclearMagneticReso-
oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and
nance Spectrometry
2-GT gas turbine fuels.
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over
trometry
that of Test Method D240.
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
standard.
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
E144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion Bombs
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see
3. Terminology
Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.
3.1 Definitions:
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.1 gross heat of combustion—expressed as megajoules
2
perkilogram.Thegrossheatofcombustionatconstantvolume
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of a liquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heat
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
liberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen in
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
an enclosure of constant volume, the products of combustion
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
being gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4809–06. DOI:
liquid water, with the initial temperature of the fuel and the
10.1520/D4809-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D4809–09
1MJ/kg 51000J/g (2)
oxygen and the final temperature of the products at 25°C.
Gross heat of combustion (see Note 1) is represented by the
NOTE 3—In SI the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg,
3
symb
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4809–06 Designation:D4809–09
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter (Precision Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheheatofcombustionofhydrocarbonfuels.Itisdesignedspecificallyforuse
with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2%. It can be
used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated.
1.2 Inordertoattainthisprecision,strictadherencetoalldetailsoftheprocedureisessentialsincetheerrorcontributedbyeach
individual measurement that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.04%, insofar as possible.
1.3 Under normal conditions, the method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos.
1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over that
of Test Method D240.
1.5
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectrometry
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D5453 TestMethodforDeterminationofTotalSulfurinLightHydrocarbons,SparkIgnitionEngineFuel,DieselEngineFuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion Bombs
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 gross heat of combustion—expressed as megajoules per kilogram. The gross heat of combustion at constant volume of a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.05 on
Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved Dec.July 1, 2006.2009. Published January 2007.August 2009. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20052006 as
D4809–00(2005).D4809–06.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4809–09
liquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heat liberated
when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen in an enclosure of constant volume, the products of combustion being gaseous
carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and liq
...
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