ASTM F1736-09
(Guide)Standard Guide for Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Invertebrates Used as Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms
Standard Guide for Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Invertebrates Used as Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Absorbed doses of or below 1 kGy can inactivate some parasites, such as the broad fish tapeworm (Dibothrocephalus latus) (2).
Absorbed doses below 10 kGy can reduce or eliminate vegetative cells of pathogenic sporeforming and non-sporeforming microorganisms, such as Clostridia spp., Vibrio spp., Salmonellae, Listeria monocytogenes, or Staphylococcus aureus, that may be present in fresh or frozen product.
Absorbed doses below 10 kGy can reduce the numbers of some spores, but are not adequate to reduce the potential health risk from microbial spores or toxins (3).
Absorbed doses below 10 kGy can reduce or eliminate the vegetative cells of sporeforming and non-sporeforming microorganisms, such as Bacillus or Pseudomonas species, that cause spoilage of fresh product, thus extending refrigerated shelf life in many cases (4).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures and operations for the irradiation of raw, untreated, fresh (chilled), or frozen finfish and aquatic invertebrates, while ensuring that the irradiated product is safe and wholesome.
1.1.1 Aquatic invertebrates include molluscs, crustacea, echinoderms, etc.
1.1.1.1 Molluscs include bivalve shellfish, such as clams, mussels, and oysters; snails; and cephalopods, such as squid and octopus.
1.1.1.2 Crustacea include shellfish such as shrimp, lobster, crabs, prawns and crayfish.
1.1.1.3 Echinoderms include sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
1.2 This guide covers absorbed doses used to reduce the microbial and parasite populations in aquatic invertebrates and finfish. Such doses typically are below 10 kGy (1).
1.3 The use of reduced-oxygen packaging (vacuum or modified atmosphere, and including products packed in oil) with irradiated, raw product is not covered by this guide. The anaerobic environment created by reduced-oxygen packaging provides the potential for outgrowth of, and toxin production from, Clostridium botulinum spores.
1.4 This guide does not cover the irradiation of smoked or dried fish to reduce microbial load or to control insect infestation.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F1736 −09
StandardGuide for
Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Invertebrates Used as
1
Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1736; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this guide is to present information on the use of ionizing radiation for eliminating
or reducing the number of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites and for reducing the number of
spoilage microorganisms on finfish and aquatic invertebrates. Information on the handling of finfish
and aquatic invertebrates before receipt by the irradiation facility and after shipment from the facility
is also provided.
This guide is intended to serve as a set of recommendations to be followed when using irradiation
technology where approved by an appropriate regulatory control authority. It is not to be construed as
setting forth rigid requirements for the use of irradiation.While the use of irradiation involves certain
essential requirements to attain the objective of the treatment, some parameters can be varied in
optimizing the process.
This guide is based on a guideline published by the International Consultative Group on Food
Irradiation (ICGFI) at the initiation of the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/International
Atomic EnergyAgency Division of NuclearTechniques in Food andAgriculture, which serves as the
Secretariat to the ICGFI.
1. Scope 1.3 The use of reduced-oxygen packaging (vacuum or
modified atmosphere, and including products packed in oil)
1.1 This guide outlines procedures and operations for the
with irradiated, raw product is not covered by this guide. The
irradiation of raw, untreated, fresh (chilled), or frozen finfish
anaerobic environment created by reduced-oxygen packaging
and aquatic invertebrates, while ensuring that the irradiated
provides the potential for outgrowth of, and toxin production
product is safe and wholesome.
from, Clostridium botulinum spores.
1.1.1 Aquatic invertebrates include molluscs, crustacea,
echinoderms, etc. 1.4 This guide does not cover the irradiation of smoked or
1.1.1.1 Molluscs include bivalve shellfish, such as clams, dried fish to reduce microbial load or to control insect
mussels, and oysters; snails; and cephalopods, such as squid infestation.
and octopus.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
1.1.1.2 Crustacea include shellfish such as shrimp, lobster,
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
crabs, prawns and crayfish.
standard.
1.1.1.3 Echinoderms include sea urchins and sea cucum-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
bers.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This guide covers absorbed doses used to reduce the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
microbial and parasite populations in aquatic invertebrates and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2
finfish. Such doses typically are below 10 kGy (1).
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.05 on Food
Irradiation.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally
3
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1736–03. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/F1736-09. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1736−09
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and 3.1.3 dose distribution—variation in absorbed dose within a
Dosimetry process load exposed to ionizing radiation.
F1416Guide for Selection of Time-Temperature Indicators
3.1.4 process load—volume of material with a specified
F1640Guide for Selection and Use of Packaging Materials
product loading configuration irradiated as a single entity.
for Foods to Be Irradiated
3.1.5 transport system—conveyor or other mechanical sys-
3
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
tem used to move the product to be irradiated through the
51204Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facili-
irradiator.
ties for
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:F1736–03 Designation: F 1736 – 09
Standard Guide for
Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Invertebrates Used as
1
Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1736; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this guide is to present information on the use of ionizing radiation for eliminating
or reducing the number of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites and for reducing the number of
spoilage microorganisms on finfish and aquatic invertebrates. Information on the handling of finfish
and aquatic invertebrates before receipt by the irradiation facility and after shipment from the facility
is also provided.
This guide is intended to serve as a set of recommendations to be followed when using irradiation
technology where approved by an appropriate regulatory control authority. It is not to be construed as
setting forth rigid requirements for the use of irradiation.While the use of irradiation involves certain
essential requirements to attain the objective of the treatment, some parameters can be varied in
optimizing the process.
This guide is based on a guideline published by the International Consultative Group on Food
Irradiation (ICGFI) at the initiation of the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/International
Atomic EnergyAgency Division of NuclearTechniques in Food andAgriculture, which serves as the
Secretariat to the ICGFI.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide outlines procedures and operations for the irradiation of raw, untreated, fresh (chilled), or frozen finfish and
aquatic invertebrates, while ensuring that the irradiated product is safe and wholesome.
1.1.1 Aquatic Iinvertebrates include molluscs, crustacea, echinoderms, etc.
1.1.1.1 Molluscs include bivalve shellfish, such as clams, mussels, and oysters; snails; and cephalopods, such as squid and
octopus.
1.1.1.2 Crustacea include shellfish such as shrimp, lobster, crabs, prawns and crayfish.
1.1.1.3 Echinoderms include sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
1.2 This guide covers absorbed doses used to reduce the microbial and parasite populations in aquatic invertebrates and finfish.
2
Such doses typically are below 10 kGy (1) .
1.3 The use of reduced-oxygen packaging (vacuum or modified atmosphere, and including products packed in oil) with
irradiated, raw product is not covered by this guide. The anaerobic environment created by reduced-oxygen packaging provides
the potential for outgrowth of, and toxin production from, Clostridium botulinum spores.
1.4 This guide does not cover the irradiation of smoked or dried fish to reduce microbial load or to control insect infestation.
1.5
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.01 on
Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and Applications.
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published November 2003. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as F1736–96.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1736–03.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1736–09
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E170 TerminologiesTerminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
F1416 Guide for the Selection of Time-Temperature Indicators
F1640 Guide for Selection and Use of Packaging Materials for Foods to beBe Irradiated
3
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
51204 Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing
51261 Guide for the Selection and App
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:F1736–03 Designation: F 1736 – 09
Standard Guide for
Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Invertebrates Used as
1
Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1736; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this guide is to present information on the use of ionizing radiation for eliminating
or reducing the number of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites and for reducing the number of
spoilage microorganisms on finfish and aquatic invertebrates. Information on the handling of finfish
and aquatic invertebrates before receipt by the irradiation facility and after shipment from the facility
is also provided.
This guide is intended to serve as a set of recommendations to be followed when using irradiation
technology where approved by an appropriate regulatory control authority. It is not to be construed as
setting forth rigid requirements for the use of irradiation.While the use of irradiation involves certain
essential requirements to attain the objective of the treatment, some parameters can be varied in
optimizing the process.
This guide is based on a guideline published by the International Consultative Group on Food
Irradiation (ICGFI) at the initiation of the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/International
Atomic EnergyAgency Division of NuclearTechniques in Food andAgriculture, which serves as the
Secretariat to the ICGFI.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide outlines procedures and operations for the irradiation of raw, untreated, fresh (chilled), or frozen finfish and
aquatic invertebrates, while ensuring that the irradiated product is safe and wholesome.
1.1.1 Aquatic Iinvertebrates include molluscs, crustacea, echinoderms, etc.
1.1.1.1 Molluscs include bivalve shellfish, such as clams, mussels, and oysters; snails; and cephalopods, such as squid and
octopus.
1.1.1.2 Crustacea include shellfish such as shrimp, lobster, crabs, prawns and crayfish.
1.1.1.3 Echinoderms include sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
1.2 This guide covers absorbed doses used to reduce the microbial and parasite populations in aquatic invertebrates and finfish.
2
Such doses typically are below 10 kGy (1) .
1.3 The use of reduced-oxygen packaging (vacuum or modified atmosphere, and including products packed in oil) with
irradiated, raw product is not covered by this guide. The anaerobic environment created by reduced-oxygen packaging provides
the potential for outgrowth of, and toxin production from, Clostridium botulinum spores.
1.4 This guide does not cover the irradiation of smoked or dried fish to reduce microbial load or to control insect infestation.
1.5
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.01 on
Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and Applications.
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published November 2003. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as F1736–96.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F1736–03.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1736–09
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E170 TerminologiesTerminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
F1416 Guide for the Selection of Time-Temperature Indicators
F1640 Guide for Selection and Use of Packaging Materials for Foods to beBe Irradiated
3
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
51204 Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing
51261 Guide for the Selection and App
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.