ASTM D4040-05

Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Apparent viscosity at the relatively high shear rate of 2500 s−1 does not completely define the rheological properties of printing inks but is useful in the practical control of ink viscosity during production and the specification acceptance between supplier and purchaser.
The slope of the power law plot is the preferred measure of non-Newtonianism. The yield value, which is obtained by extrapolation of high-shear measurements to a shear rate approaching zero, does not conform to the definition of the true yield stress (see 3.1.7). The yield value and other low shear parameters are also subject to a high degree of variability (see the precision table in Section 17).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the falling-rod viscosity and degree of non-Newtonian behavior of printing inks, vehicles, and similar liquids that are essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room conditions.
1.2 For printing inks, which are typically non-Newtonian, this test method is applicable in the apparent viscosity range from about 10 to 300 P at a shear rate of 2500 s1. For Newtonian liquids, the applicable viscosity range is about 10 to 1000 P (1 P = 0.1 Pas).
1.3 This test method uses a falling-rod viscometer in which shear conditions are altered by manually adding weight to the rod. A fully automatic instrument is described in Test Method D 6606.
1.4 This test method, as does Test Method D 6606, bases calculations on the power law model of viscosity. ISO 12644 covers not only the power law but also the Casson and Bingham models.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-May-2005
• ICS: 87.080 - Inks. Printing inks
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.56 - Printing Inks

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4040-99 - Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Printing Inks and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
• Effective Date: 15-May-2005
• Replaced By: ASTM D4040-10 - Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7394-18(2023) - Standard Practice for Rheological Characterization of Architectural Coatings using Three Rotational Bench Viscometers
• Effective Date: 15-May-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D7188-05(2019) - Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
• Effective Date: 15-May-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D6336-11(2021) - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Flushing Vehicles for Pigment Wetting Using a Vacuum Modified Sigma Blade Mixer
• Effective Date: 15-May-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D5165-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Gelled Vehicles Using a Resin Kettle
• Effective Date: 15-May-2005

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D4040–05
Standard Test Method for
Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the
1
Falling-Rod Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
ity)
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining
D6606 Test Method forViscosity andYield ofVehicles and
the falling-rod viscosity and degree of non-Newtonian behav-
Varnishes by the Duke Viscometer
ior of printing inks, vehicles, and similar liquids that are
2.2 Other Standards:
essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room
ISO 12644 Graphic Technology—Determination of rheo-
conditions.
logical properties of past inks and vehicles by the falling
1.2 For printing inks, which are typically non-Newtonian,
rod Viscometer
this test method is applicable in the apparent viscosity range
−1
from about 10 to 300 P at a shear rate of 2500 s . For
3. Terminology
Newtonianliquids,theapplicableviscosityrangeisabout10to
3.1 Definitions:
1000 P (1 P=0.1 Pa·s).
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, V , n—the viscosity of a non-
D
1.3 This test method uses a falling-rod viscometer in which
Newtonian fluid at a particular shear rate D.
shear conditions are altered by manually adding weight to the
−1
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Ashearrateof2500s hasbeenfound
rod. A fully automatic instrument is described in Test Method
useful for printing inks and is specified in this test method.
D6606.
3.1.2 Newtonian, adj—refers to a liquid whose viscosity is
1.4 This test method, as does Test Method D6606, bases
constant at all shear rates.
calculations on the power law model of viscosity. ISO12644
3.1.3 non-Newtonian, adj—refers to a liquid whose viscos-
covers not only the power law but also the Casson and
ity varies with shear rate.
Bingham models.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Non-Newtonain liquids may be either
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) or shear-thickening (dilatant).
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Most printing inks are shear-thinning.
standard.
3.1.4 shear rate, D, n—velocity gradient through the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
−1
stressed liquid; the unit is 1/s or 1 s .
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In the falling-rod viscometer, shear
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rate is inversely proportional to fall time F per unit distance L
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
over which a unit thickness x of the liquid is stressed:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
D= L/xF.
statements, see Section 8.
3.1.5 shear stress, S, n—shearing force per unit area; the
2 2
2. Referenced Documents unit is 1 g/cm·s (1 dyne/cm ).
2
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In the falling-rod viscometer, shear
2.1 ASTM Standards:
stressisproportionaltototalweight Wperunitofshearingarea
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
A times the gravitational constant g, in accordance with the
equation: S= Wg/A.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
3.1.6 viscosity, V, n—the ratio of shear stress to shear rate.
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The viscosity of a liquid is a measure
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
of the internal friction of the liquid in motion. The cgs unit of
Current edition approved May 15, 2005. Published July 2005. Originally
2
viscosity is 1 g/cm·s (1 dyne·s/cm ) and is called a poise. The
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D4040–99. DOI:
2
10.1520/D4040-05.
SI unit is 1 N·s/cm and is equal to 10 P.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.7 yield stress, S , n—the minimum shear stress required
o
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
to initiate motion in a non-Newtonian liquid.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
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D4040–05
3.2.1 Lehman yield value, n—calculated yield stress based temperature in order to detect fluctuations due to cooling by
on
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