ASTM G111-97

Standard Guide for Corrosion Tests in High Temperature or High Pressure Environment, or Both

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures, specimens, and equipment for conducting laboratory corrosion tests on metallic materials under conditions of high pressure (HP) or the combination of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). See 3.2 for definitions of high pressure and temperature.
1.2 Tests conducted under HP or HTHP by their nature have special requirements. This guide establishes the basic considerations that are necessary when these conditions must be incorporated into laboratory corrosion tests.
1.3 The procedures and methods in this guide are applicable for conducting mass loss corrosion, localized corrosion, and electrochemical tests as well as for use in environmentally induced cracking tests that need to be conducted under HP or HTHP conditions.
1.4 The primary purpose for this guide is to promote consistency of corrosion test results. Furthermore, this guide will aid in the comparison of corrosion data between laboratories or testing organizations that utilize different equipment.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-1997
• ICS: 77.060 - Corrosion of metals
• Technical Committee: G01 - Corrosion of Metals
• Drafting Committee: G01.05 - Laboratory Corrosion Tests

Relations

• Referred By: ASTM G208-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oilfield and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using Jet Impingement Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1997
• Referred By: ASTM G170-06(2020)e1 - Standard Guide for Evaluating and Qualifying Oilfield and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors in the Laboratory
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1997
• Referred By: ASTM G205-16 - Standard Guide for Determining Emulsion Properties, Wetting Behavior, and Corrosion-Inhibitory Properties of Crude Oils
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1997
• Referred By: ASTM G142-98(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Susceptibility of Metals to Embrittlement in Hydrogen Containing Environments at High Pressure, High Temperature, or Both
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1997
• Referred By: ASTM G184-06(2020)e1 - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using Rotating Cage
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1997
• Referred By: ASTM G129-21 - Standard Practice for Slow Strain Rate Testing to Evaluate the Susceptibility of Metallic Materials to Environmentally Assisted Cracking
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1997
• Referred By: ASTM G146-01(2018) - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Disbonding of Bimetallic Stainless Alloy/Steel Plate for Use in High-Pressure, High-Temperature Refinery Hydrogen Service
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1997
• Referred By: ASTM G185-06(2020)e1 - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using the Rotating Cylinder Electrode
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-1997

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G111–97
Standard Guide for
Corrosion Tests in High Temperature or High Pressure
Environment, or Both
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G 3 PracticeforConventionsApplicabletoElectrochemical
Measurements in Corrosion Testing
1.1 This guide covers procedures, specimens, and equip-
G 5 Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and
ment for conducting laboratory corrosion tests on metallic
Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements
materials under conditions of high pressure (HP) or the
G 15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion
combination of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP).
Testing
See 3.2 for definitions of high pressure and temperature.
G 30 Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-
1.2 Tests conducted under HPor HTHPby their nature have
Corrosion Test Specimens
special requirements. This guide establishes the basic consid-
G 31 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing
erations that are necessary when these conditions must be
of Metals
incorporated into laboratory corrosion tests.
G 34 Test Method for Exfoliation Corrosion Susceptibility
1.3 The procedures and methods in this guide are applicable
in 2XXX and 7XXX Series Aluminum Alloys (EXCO
for conducting mass loss corrosion, localized corrosion, and
Test)
electrochemical tests as well as for use in environmentally
G 38 Practice for Making and Using C-Ring Stress-
induced cracking tests that need to be conducted under HP or
Corrosion Test Specimens
HTHP conditions.
G 39 PracticeforPreparationandUseofBent-BeamStress-
1.4 The primary purpose for this guide is to promote
Corrosion Specimens
consistency of corrosion test results. Furthermore, this guide
G 46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting
will aid in the comparison of corrosion data between labora-
Corrosion
tories or testing organizations that utilize different equipment.
G 48 Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Re-
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
sistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of
standard.
Ferric Chloride Solution
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
G 49 Practice for Preparation and Use of Direct Tension
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
G 59 Practice for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Resistance Measurements
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
G 78 Guide for Crevice Corrosion Testing of Iron-Base and
2. Referenced Documents
Nickel-Base Stainless Alloys in Seawater and Other
Chloride-Containing Aqueous Environments
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G 106 PracticeforVerificationofAlgorithmandEquipment
E 8 TestMethodsforTensionTestingofMetallicMaterials
for Electrochemical Impedance Measurements
G 1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor-
rosion Test Specimens
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1 3.1.1 The definitions of terms given in Terminology G 15
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion of
shall be considered as applying to this guide.
Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05on Laboratory
Corrosion Tests.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1997. Published December 1997. Originally
3.2.1 high pressure—a pressure above ambient atmospheric
published as G 111 – 92. Last previous edition G 111 – 92.
pressure that cannot be contained in normal laboratory glass-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02. ware. Typically, this is greater than 0.07 MPa (10 psig).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G 111
3.2.2 high temperature—temperatures above ambient labo- corrosion, SCC or other embrittlement phenomena in the test
ratory temperature where sustained heating of the environment environment, not contaminate the test environment with cor-
is required. rosion or other reaction products, and not consume or absorb
reactive chemical species from the test environment.
4. Summary of Guide
6.3 The test cell shall have a seal mechanism that can
4.1 This guide describes the use of corrosion coupons,
withstand both the pressures, temperatures, and corrosive
stressed SCC specimens, and electrochemical electrodes in HP
environment to be used in the test. Periodic hydrostatic testing
andHTHPenvironments.Italsoincludesguidelinesfortheuse
of the test cell is recommended to ensure pressure capabilities.
of high pressure test cells with these specimens to conduct
6.4 The test cell shall be designed to have the necessary
reproducible, accurate corrosion test data.
inlet and outlet ports to allow the test environment to be
4.2 Typically, HP and HPHT tests involve exposure of test
established in a controllable manner, monitored and sampled
specimens to a liquid (aqueous or nonaqueous), gaseous or
during the exposure period, released in a controlled manner at
multiphase environment, or both, in an appropriate test cell.
the completion of the test, and if over temperature or pressure
Thetestcellmustbeabletoresistcorrosionandenvironmental
conditions may occur, adequate over pressure release and over
cracking in the test environment while containing the pressur-
temperature control equipment should be utilized.
ized, heated environment. Furthermore, the test specimens in
6.5 In cases where external loading fixtures are used for
the HPor HPHTtest, or both, can be exposed in either stressed
stressing specimens in the HP and HTHP test environment,
or unstressed condition in either the free corroding state or
specially designed feed-throughs shall be used which provide
under electrochemical polarization.
for a minimum of friction force.
6.6 Test cell feed-throughs required for external stressing
5. Significance and Use
may be designed to balance the internal pressure in the test
5.1 HP and HTHP corrosion tests are commonly used to
vessel.
evaluate the corrosion performance of metallic materials under
6.7 Any frictional or pressure forces (or thermal expansion)
conditions that attempt to simulate service conditions that
acting on the specimen through the stressing fixtures must be
involve HP or HTHP in combination with service environ-
taken into account when determining the actual load on the
ments.ExamplesofserviceenvironmentswhereHPandHTHP
specimen.
corrosion tests have been utilized include chemical processing,
6.8 Stressing and electrode feed throughs shall be designed
petroleum production and refining, food processing, pressur-
sothattheelectrodesorstressingrodsandspecimenscannotbe
ized cooling water, electric power systems and aerospace
ejected from the test cell under pressure. Furthermore, they
propulsion.
shall provide for electrical isolation of the specimen from the
5.2 Fortheapplicationsofcorrosiontestinglistedin5.1,the
test cell unless galvanic coupling is specifically desired.
service involves handling corrosive and potentially hazardous
6.9 Gripping devices shall be designed such that they are in
media under conditions of high pressure or high temperature,
compliance with Test Method E 8 where application of load to
or both. The temperature and pressure usually enter directly
the specimen is required.
into the severity of the corrosion process. Consequently, the
laboratory evaluation of corrosion severity cannot be per-
7. Reagents
formedinconventionallowpressureglasswarewithoutmaking
7.1 In corrosion testing, providing a reproducible chemical
potentially invalid assumptions as to the potential effects of
environment in which to expose the corrosion test specimens is
high temperature and pressure on corrosion severity.
necessary.
5.3 Therefore, there is a substantial need to provide stan-
7.2 Incaseswherethetestenvironmentisestablishedbythe
dardized methods by which corrosion testing can be performed
mixing of chemicals in the laboratory, chemicals of reagent
under HP and HTHP. In many cases, however, the standards
grade purity with known contaminant levels are recommended.
used for exposure of specimens in conventional low pressure
Simulations of service environments can be formulated in
glassware experiments cannot be followed due to the limita-
which laboratory corrosion tests can be conducted.
tions of access, volume and visibility arising from the con-
7.3 In HP/HTHP corrosion testing, a common practice is to
struction of high pressure test cells. This guide refers to
conduct tests in environments that have been sampled and
existing corrosion standards and practices as applicable and
retrieved from field or plant locations. In both cases described
then goes further in areas where specific guidelines for
in 7.2 and 7.3, detailed information as to the chemical
performing HP and HTHP corrosion testing are needed.
composition of the environment should be obtained. Particular
6. Apparatus
attention should be given to the levels of impurities and
contaminants that may be in the environment. Furthermore,
6.1 The test cell shall be constructed to applicable standards
and codes so that it will have an adequate pressure rating to under some conditions, these environments may be prone to
changes after sampling or during testing which can affect the
safely handle the test pressure.
6.2 The test cell shall be made of materials that are corrosion test results.
corrosion resistant and effectively non-reactive with the test 7.4 In many cases, the test cells used to conduct HPtests are
environment. limited in volume and may not be designed to accommodate
6.2.1 The term effectively non-reactive shall mean that the replenishment of the environment. Therefore, monitoring the
test cell shall be free of significant mass loss or localized chemical composition of the environment during the exposure
G 111
may be necessary to identify if depletion of reactive constitu- forces acting on the specimens into account when determining
ents or concentration of constituents has occurred. In some the effect of applied stress.
cases, replenishment or changing of the test environment may 8.4 Electrochemical Electrodes:
be necessary so that a valid corrosion test can be conducted. 8.4.1 Prepare electrodes for use in HP and HTHP corrosion
studies as described in Practice G 3, Test Method G 5, and
7.5 In all cases, it is recommended that the test environment
be fully documented with respect to its chemical composition. Practices G 59 and G 106.
8.4.2 Cylindrical electrode specimens where only the lower
portion of the electrode is exposed to the liquid phase of test
8. Test Specimens
environment and where the electrical connections are made
8.1 Preparation of Specimens:
externally to the test cell are a convenient geometry. Care must
8.1.1 The primary objective is to prepare a reproducible
be taken to electrically isolate the electrodes from the test cell.
metallic surface with an absolute minimum of coldworking
Other electrode geometries and designs may be used that
followed by cleaning and degreasing.
facilitate feed-through and electrical isolation.
8.1.2 Since test cells for HP and HTHP tests are usually of
8.4.3 A critical portion of the HP or HTHP electrochemical
metallic construction, care must be taken to electrically isolate
system is the design and construction of the reference elec-
the specimens from the test cell unless galvanic coupling is
trode. It is common to use external reference cells that use
specifically desired in the test. In cases where the test cell is
stable reference systems such as Ag/AgCl or other stable
used as a member of a galvanic couple, care must be taken to
electrochemical reference system that can be enclosed in a
ensure that the galvanic action (anodic or cathodic) does not
separate pressure containing compartment. This cell is then
degrade the integrity of the test cell.
connected to the test cell via a salt bridge and is pressure
8.2 Corrosion Specimens:
balanced with the test cell to minimize ingress of contaminants
8.2.1 Prepare specimens used in HP or HTHP corrosion
into either the test cell or the reference electrode.Alternatively,
tests in accordance with Practices G 1 and G 31. Commonly,
an inert or corroding metal electrode can be used as a
test cells used for HPand HTHPexposure tests are restricted in
pseudo-reference electrode in some cases. Examples of such
volume. The available volume in the test cell often decreases
pseudo-reference electrodes include platinum, graphite, or
with increasing pressure rating. Therefore, it is frequently
other metal with known stable corrosion potential. However,
necessary to restrict the size and surface area of corrosion
one problem that can occur with this technique is a drift in
coupons used in HP and HTHP corrosion tests.
reference potential with time. Care should be taken when
8.2.2 The ratio of solution volume-to-specimen surface area
employing such methods. These pseudo-reference electrodes
is important and a minimum ratio of 30 mL/cm should be
can effectively give a measure of relative potential even if the
maintained, where possible. If the ratio drops below this level,
absolute potential is not known.
it should be shown that there will not be an unacceptably high
depletionrateofimportantenvironmentalconstituents,orthere 9. Test Environment
will not be an undesirable amount of metal ion impurities
9.1 Chose the test environment to either simulate the most
added into the test environment during the period of exposure.
accurate representation of the service environment possible
In all cases, the solution volume-to-specimen surfaces area
under the constraints of the equipment available or provide for
used in the test should be stated. If the test cell, specimen
a simple screening environment. In the case of service envi-
holders or stressing fixtures can contribute to the conditions
ronment simulation, accurate monitoring for depletion and
stated above then they should be included in the calculation of
concentration of chemical species in the test cell is required so
specimen surface area.
that the environment can be controlled within a specified range
8.3 Stressed Corrosion Specimens:
of composition. In the case of simple screening environments,
8.3.1 Both self stressed and
...