ASTM D5782-95(2012)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The application of direct air-rotary drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in situ or pore-fluid testing, installation of casing for subsequent drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials, and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Several advantages of using the direct air-rotary drilling method over other methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary drilling techniques are usually employed to advance drill hole when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drilling may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materials without using casing, and the possible volitization of contaminants and air-borne dust.Note 3—Direct-air rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation of drill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing of the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drilling pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. If borehole damage becomes apparent, consideration to other drilling method(s) should be given.Note 4—The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole in which sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed.
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with isolation seals and a low-permeability backfill...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) air-rotary drilling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices. Note 1—The term direct with respect to the air-rotary drilling method of this guide indicates that compressed air is injected through a drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The air cools the bit and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.Note 2—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.2 Direct air-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5782 − 95 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Guide for
Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental
Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality
Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5782; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) air-rotary drill-
ing procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration
2. Referenced Documents
and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring de-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
vices.
D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design
NOTE 1—The term direct with respect to the air-rotary drilling method 3
and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)
of this guide indicates that compressed air is injected through a drill-rod
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
column to a rotating bit.The air cools the bit and transports cuttings to the
Fluids
surfaceintheannulusbetweenthedrill-rodcolumnandtheboreholewall.
NOTE 2—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
Borings
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
1.2 Direct air-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental explora-
Barrel Sampling of Soils
tion will often involve safety planning, administration, and
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically
Geotechnical Purposes
address exploration and site safety.
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Rock for Site Investigation
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
only.
Drive Sampling of Soils
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Used at Waste Sites
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information
Monitoring Wells
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific D5099 Test Methods for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
course of action. This document cannot replace education or ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all of Soil and Rock
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of 3. Terminology
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
3.1 Definitions—Terminology used within this guide is in
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
accordance with Terminology D653. Definitions of additional
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
terms may be found in Terminology D653.
1 2
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Vadose Zone Investigations. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5782 – 95 (2006). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D5782-95R12. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5782 − 95 (2012)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.12 grout shoe—adrillableplugcontainingacheckvalve
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi- positioned within the lowermost section of a casing column.
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of Grout is injected through the check valve to fill the annular
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products space between the casing and the borehole wall or another
have chemical additives which may affect water-quality analy- casing.
ses. 3.2.12.1 Discussion—The composition of the drillable plug
should be known and documented.
3.2.2 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly shaped par-
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried 3.2.13 hoisting line—or drilling line, is wire rope used on
the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.
and separated into a specific size range.
3.2.3 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disk-shaped 3.2.14 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for
obtaining mechanical or chemical test data, that are typically
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a borehole
following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
water-quality analysis).
some in situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
3.2.4 cleanout depth—thedepthtowhichtheendofthedrill
transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may
string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an
require lowering and setting of the device(s) in a preexisting
interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is
borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the
rods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to correctly position
bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft
the device(s) in the borehole.
(0.03 m).
3.2.15 intermittent-sampling devices—usually barrel-type
3.2.5 coeffıcient of uniformity—C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10
samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
borehole following completion of an increment of drilling.The
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
user is referred to the following ASTM standards relating to
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
suggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D1452,
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
Test Method D1586, Practice D3550, and Practice D1587.
3.2.6 drawworks—a power-driven winch, or several
3.2.16 mast—or derrick, on a drilling rig is used for sup-
winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)
porting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting
for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.
lines, and so forth. It must be constructed to safely carry the
3.2.7 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
expected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or
of the diameter and depth for which the rig manufacturer
boring.
specifies the equipment.
3.2.8 drill string—the complete rotary-drilling assembly
3.2.16.1 Discussion—To allow for contingencies, it is rec-
underrotationincludingbit,sampler/corebarrel,drillrods,and
ommendedthattheratedcapacityofthemastshouldbeatleast
connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembly
twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.
is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position
3.2.17 piezometer—an instrument for measuring pressure
of the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.
head.
3.2.9 drill string—the complete direct air-rotary drilling
3.2.18 subsurface water-quality monitoring device—an in-
assemblyunderrotationincludingbit,sampler/corebarrel,drill
strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
rods, and connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this
analysis of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-
assembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the
istics of subsurface pore water or to make in situ measure-
position of the top of the string to a datum near the ground
ments.
surface.
4. Significance and Use
3.2.10 filter pack—alsoknownasagravelpackoraprimary
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
4.1 The application of direct air-rotary drilling to geoenvi-
gravel pack is usually granular material, having specified grain
ronmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in situ or
size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device
pore-fluid testing, installation of casing for subsequent drilling
and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or
activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials, and for
gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a nonclogging filter when the
installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in
aquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as a
unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Several advantages
formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
of using the direct air-rotary drilling method over other
development.
methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through
3.2.10.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary
pre-packed screen may be used.
drilling techniques are usually employed to advance drill hole
3.2.11 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or
plug attached to a tremie pipe, usually just above the discharge collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-
end of the pipe. drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drilling
D5782 − 95 (2012)
may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materi- barrel. Individual drill rods should be straight so they do not
als without using casing, and the possible volitization of contribute to excessive vibrations or “whipping” of the drill-
contaminants and air-borne dust. rod column.All threaded connections should be in good repair
and not leak significantly at the internal air pressure required
NOTE 3—Direct-air rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation of
for drilling. Drill rods should be made up securely by wrench
drill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be
tightening at the threaded joint(s) at all times to prevent rod
injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and
cuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing
damage.
of the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drilling
NOTE 7—Drill rods used for air drilling jointed to ensure that the
pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. If
cutting’s-laden return air will not be deflected to the borehole wall as it
borehole damage becomes apparent, consideration to other drilling meth-
passes the return air were deflected against the borehole blasting and
od(s) should be given.
erosion of the borehole wall would occur.
NOTE 4—The user may install a monitoring device within the same
NOTE 8—Drill rods usually require lubricants on the thread to allow
borehole in which sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was
easy unthreading (breaking) of the drill-rod tool joints. Some lubricants
performed.
have organic or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that
contaminants if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available that
are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or havecomponentsofknownchemistry.Theeffectofdrill-rodlubricantson
chemicalanalysesofsamplesshouldbeconsideredanddocumentedwhen
porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a
usingdirectair-rotarydrilling.Thesameconsiderationanddocumentation
filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with
should be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels, or
isolation seals and a low-permeability backfill to deter the
other devices used near the drilling axis.
movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between
5.1.1.4 Rotary Bit or Core Bit, provides material cutting
hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice
capability for advancing the hole. Therefore, a core barrel can
D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used
also be used to advance the hole.
for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a
NOTE 9—The bit is usually selected to provide a borehole of sufficient
piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be
diameter for insertion of monitoring-device components such as the
made only after consideration of the overall quality of the
screened intake and filter pack and installation devices such as a tremie
installation to include the quality of materials that will contact
pipe. It should be noted that if bottom-discharge bits are used in loose
sampled water or gas.
cohesionless materials, jetting or erosion of test intervals could occur.The
borehole opening should permit easy insertion and retraction of a sampler,
NOTE 5—Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers
oreasyinsertionofapipewithaninsidediameterlargeenoughforplacing
should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills to
completion materials adjacent to the screened intake and riser of a
deter movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.
monitoring device. Core barrels may also be used to advance the hole.
Coring bits are selected to provide the hole diameter or core diameter
5. Apparatus
required. Coring of rock should be performed in accordance with Practice
D2113. The user is referred to Test Method D1586, Practice D1587, and
5.1 Direct air-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanical
Practice D3550 for techniques and soil-sampling equipment to be used in
components and the
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