ASTM C1223-09(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast Refractories
Standard Test Method for Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast Refractories
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.
3.2 The results may be considered as representative of the potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested region) to contribute to glass defect formation during the furnace production operation.
3.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail brick) in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast specimens by subjecting them to temperatures corresponding to glass furnace operating temperatures.
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the exudate as the percent of volume increase of the specimen after cooling.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method uses only SI units (Section 6).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1223 − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast
Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 The results may be considered as representative of the
potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the
region) to contribute to glass defect formation during the
exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast
furnace production operation.
specimens by subjecting them to temperatures corresponding
to glass furnace operating temperatures. 3.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other
refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the
brick) in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
exudateasthepercentofvolumeincreaseofthespecimenafter
cooling.
4. Apparatus and Materials
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
4.1 Scale—Alaboratory scale or balance rigged for suspen-
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
sion of specimens for dry/wet weight determinations to an
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
accuracy of 0.01 g.
information only and are not considered standard.
4.2 Kiln—An electric kiln to accommodate several 4-in.
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method
(102-mm) specimen cores placed vertically on end, and for
uses only SI units (Section 6).
service at 2750°F (1510°C), with a variation of <10°F (6°C).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.3 Foil—Cups formed from 2 ⁄4-in. (56-mm) squares of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
platinum foil (Pt, 5 % Au alloy, 0.003-in. (0.076-mm) thick).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
One cup required per specimen.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.4 AZS Casting—A virgin casting having no prior thermal
history except that of its own formation, and of a size and
2. Referenced Documents
casting process equivalent to the intended application (such as
an arch block) in which exudation potential is of interest.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,
5. Test Specimens and Sampling
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
5.1 Specimens may be removed from the original casting
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
either as drilled cores or as sawed bars, depending on labora-
tory capability. Specimen cores or bars should be 4-in. (102-
3. Significance and Use
mm) long and either 1 in. (25.4 mm) in diameter or 1 by 1 in.
3.1 This test method was developed for use both by manu-
(25.4 by 25.4 mm) in cross-section. The length dimension of
facturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS
the specimen should be perpendicular to the surface of the
fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the
block from which it is removed.
selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.
5.2 The dimensions of the prepared specimen core are not
critical but should be maintained as specified, with minimal
specimen-to-specimen variation. Excessive thickness can pre-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
vent isothermal heating within the specimen. Height and width
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.10 on Refracto-
ries for Glass.
can affect the positioned stability of the specimen in the kiln
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally
during heating.
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1223 – 09. DOI:
10.1520/C1223-09R14.
5.3 The size of the original casting may influence the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
results. Evaluations of the product should be made relative to
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
only the intended application. For example, a conveniently
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. sized bottom paver might not be representative of a larger
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1223 − 09 (2014)
superstructure casting because (for example) casting mold paired, each set of core-and-foil must remain together through-
types and solidification rates may have been different during out testing and subsequent calculation of data (see Fig. 1).
manufacture.
6.2 To account for the possible presence of surface-
connected porosity in specimen cores, the treatments (drying
5.4 The location and depth of specimens within the original
andboiling)asspecifiedbyTestMethodsC20mustbeapplied,
casting can influence the results. Regions closely underlying
as described as follows:
the surface of the casting (particularly near the corners and
edges) are thermally quenched and have aligned microstruc-
6.3 Dry the specimen cores to constant weight by heating to
turesthatareatypicalofmoreslowlycooledregions.Deeperin
220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C), and determine the dry weight
a casting, glass phase pockets and crystal sizes are larger, and
(Wd ) to the nearest 0.01 g.
certain shifts in chemical stratification exist due to fractional
6.4 Place the specimen cores in water and boil for 2 h. Keep
crystallization during solidification. No single point in anAZS
the specimens entirely covered with water during the boiling
casting represents the whole entirely.
period, and permit no contact with the heated bottom of the
5.5 Regular-cast AZS blocks, approximately 8 to 12-in.
container.
(203 to 305-mm) thick, such as is typical of furnace super-
6.5 After the boiling period, cool the test specimens to room
structure and sidewall sizes, are sampled by drilling or plunge-
temperature while still covered completely with water, for a
cutting perpendicularly to the bottom surface (the surface
minimum of 12 h before weighing.
opposite the casting scar).
6.6 Determine the specimen core wet weight (Ww ) of each
5.5.1 The location of entry (by drilling or sawing) should be 1
specimen core after boiling and while suspended in water, to
at least 4-in. (102-mm) away from any edge, yet not immedi-
the nearest 0.01 g.
ately under the casting scar.
5.5.2 Drill or cut deeper than specified; then break the
6.7 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspending
specimen out from the casting and saw square to 4-in.
the specimen in a loop or halter of copper wire (such as AWG
(102-mm) length, retaining the mold skin (original surface of
Gage 22, 0.643 mm) hung from one arm, or from the underside
the block) on one end of the specimen by cutting off the end
of the balance. The balance shall be tared or counter-balanced
opposite it.
previously with the wire in place and immersed in water to the
5.5.3 The quantity of specimens per casting is not specified. same depth as is used when the refractory specimens are in
(Correlation coefficients of 10 to 20 % have been obtained by place.
thisprocedu
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1223 − 09 C1223 − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast
Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast specimens by
subjecting them to temperatures corresponding to glass furnace operating temperatures.
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the exudate as the percent of volume increase of the specimen after
cooling.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method uses only SI units (Section 6).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory
Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS
fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.
3.2 The results may be considered as representative of the potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested region) to
contribute to glass defect formation during the furnace production operation.
3.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail brick)
in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
4. Apparatus and Materials
4.1 Scale—A laboratory scale or balance rigged for suspension of specimens for dry/wet weight determinations to an accuracy
of 0.01 g.
4.2 Kiln—An electric kiln to accommodate several 4-in. (102-mm) specimen cores placed vertically on end, and for service at
2750°F (1510°C), with a variation of <10°F (6°C).
4.3 Foil—Cups formed from 2 ⁄4-in. (56-mm) squares of platinum foil (Pt, 5 % Au alloy, 0.003-in. (0.076-mm) thick). One cup
required per specimen.
4.4 AZS Casting—A virgin casting having no prior thermal history except that of its own formation, and of a size and casting
process equivalent to the intended application (such as an arch block) in which exudation potential is of interest.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.10 on Refractories for Glass.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009Sept. 1, 2014. Published April 2009November 2014. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20032009
as C1223 – 92 (2003). 09. DOI: 10.1520/C1223-09.10.1520/C1223-09R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1223 − 09 (2014)
5. Test Specimens and Sampling
5.1 Specimens may be removed from the original casting either as drilled cores or as sawed bars, depending on laboratory
capability. Specimen cores or bars should be 4-in. (102-mm) long and either 1 in. (25.4 mm) in diameter or 1 by 1 in. (25.4 by
25.4 mm) in cross-section. The length dimension of the specimen should be perpendicular to the surface of the block from which
it is removed.
5.2 The dimensions of the prepared specimen core are not critical but should be maintained as specified, with minimal
specimen-to-specimen variation. Excessive thickness can prevent isothermal heating within the specimen. Height and width can
affect the positioned stability of the specimen in the kiln during heating.
5.3 The size of the original casting may influence the results. Evaluations of the product should be made relative to only the
intended application. For example, a conveniently sized bottom paver might not be representative of a larger superstructure casting
because (for example) casting mold types and solidification rates may have been different during manufacture.
5.4 The location and depth of specimens within the original casting can influence the results. Regions closely underlying the
surface of the casting (particularly near the corners and edges) are thermally quenched and have aligned microstructures that are
atypical of more slowly cooled regions. Deeper in a casting, glass phase pockets and crystal sizes are larger, and certain shifts in
chemical stratification exist due to fractional crystallization during solidification. No single point in an AZS casting represents the
whole entirely.
5.5 Regular-cast AZS blocks, approximately 8 to 12-in. (203 to 305-mm) thick, such as is typical of furnace superstructure and
sidewall sizes, are sampled by drilling or plunge-cutting perpendicularly to the bottom surface (the surface opposite the casting
scar).
5.5.1 The location of entry (by drilling or sawing) should be at least 4-in. (102-mm) away from any edge, yet not immediately
under the casting scar.
5.5.2 Drill or cut deeper than specified; then break the specimen out from the casting and saw square to 4-in. (102-mm) length,
retaining the mold skin (original surface of the block) on one end of the specimen by cutting off the end opposite it.
5.5.3 The quantity of specimens per casting is not specified. (Correlation coefficients of 10 to 20 % have been obtained by this
procedure on large specimen populations taken from single castings.)
5.6 For smaller regular-cast blocks less than 8-in. (203-mm) thick, specimen length and location are determined by the original
casting size. That is, the proximity of specimen location to any edge should be no less than half the casting thickness. The specimen
length should be approximately half the casting thickness.
5.7 Solid-cast tile (3 in. (76 mm)) should be sampled perpendicularly to a major face, with the proximity to any edge being no
less than half the thickness of the casting. The specimen length should be either half the thickness or full surface-to-surface
thickness.
5.8 Large, vertically-cast blocks, such as those that are used commonly in high-wear glass-contact applications, may be sampled
perpendicularly to any of the four major vertical surfaces, with the following restrictions: sampling should be at least 4 in. (102
mm) from any edge, and the entire bottom region should be avoided up to 8 in. (203 mm) from the bottom (as-cast). This lower
region, which often becomes the top “metal-line” when the casting is inverted, has been found to be not representative of the
overall casting.
6. Procedure
6.1 Weights must be obtaine
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