ASTM F1407-99a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Resistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials to Liquid Permeation-Permeation Cup Method
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials to Liquid Permeation-Permeation Cup Method
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the barrier effectiveness of a specimen of protective clothing upon continuous contact with a liquid.
1.1.1 Procedure A -For use when a value for the cumulative amount of chemical permeated in 1 h is desired.
1.1.2 Procedure B -For use when breakthrough detection time and permeation rate values are desired.
1.2 Although not addressed herein, the effect of the test chemical on the clothing material can be determined by comparing the weight or other physical properties of the specimen before and after the permeation test.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
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Designation:F 1407–99a
Standard Test Method for
Resistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials to
Liquid Permeation—Permeation Cup Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Workers involved in the production, use, and transportation of chemicals can be exposed to
numerous compounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleterious
effects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma, such as dermatitis or burns, to chronic
degenerative disease, such as cancer or pulmonary fibrosis. Since engineering controls may not
eliminate all possible exposures, attention is often given to reducing the potential for direct skin
contact through the use of protective clothing that resists degradation, penetration, and permeation.
This test method provides a simple, gravimetric means for measuring the resistance of clothing
materialstopermeationbyliquidchemicals.Permeationtestingbyamoresophisticatedprocedureand
penetration testing are addressed by separate methods: Test Methods F 739 and F 903, respectively.
TestMethodsformeasuringtheeffectsofchemicalsonthephysicalpropertiesofrubbers,plastics,and
coated fabrics may be found in Test Method D 471, Test Method D 543, and Test Methods D 751,
respectively. Guide F 1001 designates 21 chemicals for use with these tests.
1. Scope D 471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liq-
uids
1.1 This test method measures the barrier effectiveness of a
D 543 Practices for Evaluating Resistance of Plastics to
specimen of protective clothing upon continuous contact with
Chemical Reagents
a liquid.
D 751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
1.1.1 Procedure A—For use when a value for the cumula-
E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
tive amount of chemical permeated in1his desired.
F 739 Test Method for Resistance of Protective Clothing
1.1.2 Procedure B—For use when breakthrough detection
Materials to Permeation by Liquids and Gases Under
time and permeation rate values are desired.
Conditions of Continuous Contact
1.2 Although not addressed herein, the effect of the test
F 903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used In
chemical on the clothing material can be determined by
Protective Clothing to Penetration by Liquids
comparing the weight or other physical properties of the
F 1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Pro-
specimen before and after the permeation test.
tective Clothing Materials
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.2 Federal Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
No. 191, Method 4030.2 Measurement of the Thickness of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Materials
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
3. Terminology
tionary statements are given in Section 2.
3.1 Definitions:
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
1 4
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-23 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.30 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Chemical Resistance. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published August 1999. Originally AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
published as F 1407 – 92. Last previous edition F 1407 – 99. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 1407–99a
3.1.1 cumulative permeation, n—the total mass of chemical
that permeates during a specified time from when the material
is first contacted.
3.1.2 degradation, n—a deleterious change in one or more
properties of a material.
3.1.3 penetration, n—in a protective clothing material or
item, the process by which a solid, liquid, or gas moves
through closures, seams, interstices, and pinholes or other
imperfections on a non-molecular level.
3.1.4 permeation, n—the process by which a chemical
moves through a protective clothing material on a molecular
level.
NOTE—Dimensions in centimetres.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Permeation involves the following: (1)
FIG. 1 ASTM Permeation Cup
sorption of molecules of the chemical into the contacted
(challenge side) surface of the material, (2) diffusion of the
4.5.1 See Section 10 for volatility test.
sorbed molecules in the material, and (3) desorption of the
4.5.2 The likelihood of detecting chemical permeation in-
molecules from the opposite (collection side) surface of the
creases as (1) the sensitivity of the balance is increased and (2)
material.
the time between weighings and the length of the test are
3.1.5 steady-state permeation rate, n—a constant rate of
increased.
permeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forces
4.6 In extreme cases the chemical could so severely degrade
affecting permeation have reached equilibrium.
the clothing material that the chemical will drip or otherwise
3.1.6 test chemical, n—the liquid that is used to challenge
flow from the inverted cup.
the protective clothing material specimen.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The liquid can be either one compo-
5. Significance and Use
nent (that is, a neat liquid) or have several components (that is,
5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure for
a mixture).
rapidly (in1hor less) determining the chemical resistance of
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to this Standard:
specimens of protective clothing materials. This test method
3.2.1 breakthrough detection time, n—the elapsed time
can be used to rank materials as to their suitability for use with
measured from the start of the test to the weighing time
liquids of known or unknown composition.
immediately preceding the weighing time at which permeation
5.2 The breakthrough detection time, permeation rate, or
is indicated.
cumulative permeation can be used to identify protective
3.2.2 protective clothing material, n—any material or com-
clothing materials that are more likely to limit potential
binationofmaterialsusedinanitemofclothingforthepurpose
exposures to chemicals. Longer breakthrough detection times
of isolating parts of the body from a potential hazard.
and lower cumulative amounts permeated and permeation rates
3.2.2.1 Discussion—In this test method the particular haz-
arecharacteristicsofmaterialsthatarebetterbarrierstothetest
ard is permeation of a hazardous chemical.
chemical.
3.2.3 time interval, n—the time between weighings of the
5.3 In general this test method is less sensitive than Test
permeation cup.
Method F 739 coupled with sensitive analytical procedures. In
4. Summary of Test Method
caseswherethechemicalofconcernishighlytoxicandcontact
of even a very small amount with the skin may be detrimental
4.1 The resistance of a protective clothing material to
permeation by a test chemical is assessed by measuring the to health, the permeation cup method is not recommended. Use
Test Method F 739.
cumulative permeation, breakthrough detection time, and per-
meation rate through replicate specimens of the material. 5.4 Upon permeating the clothing material, the chemical
must evaporate in order for a weight loss to occur and
4.2 Aclothing material specimen is secured over the mouth
of a shallow cup that holds the test chemical. The normally permeation to be detected. Consequently, the test method may
outside surface of the material faces the chemical; the other not be applicable for chemicals having low volatility (that is,
side is open to the atmosphere. See Fig. 1. vapor pressure). The vapor pressure below which this test
4.3 The cup assembly is weighed, inverted, and reweighed method is not applicable has not been determined.
at predetermined time intervals to determine the amount of 5.4.1 A procedure for assessing volatility is described in
chemical that permeates the material and subsequently evapo- Section 10.
rates to the atmosphere. 5.5 The results of this test method are highly dependent on
4.4 Based on the amount of chemical lost from the cup the test temperature. If the objective is to compare different
clothing materials, all tests shall be conducted at the same
during the exposure period, the breakthrough detection time,
permeation rate, and cumulative mass of chemical permeating temperature (63°C).
the clothing material are calculated.
6. Apparatus
4.5 Detection of permeation requires sufficient volatility of
thetestchemical,andtheappropriatecombinationofanalytical 6.1 Thickness Gage, suitable for measuring thickness to the
balance and weighing interval. nearest 0.02 mm (0.001 in.), as specified in Fed. Std. No. 191
F 1407–99a
Method 5030.2, shall be used to determine the thickness of with all layers arranged in proper order. In each test, the
each material specimen tested. specimen’s normally outer surface shall contact the test chemi-
6.2 Analytical Balance, readable and reproducible to at least cal.
61 mg, is required for measuring the weight loss of the 8.1.1 If, in a proposed design of an article of protective
permeation cup. The capacity of the balance should be at least clothing, different materials or thicknesses of materials are
50 g more than the weight of an empty permeation cup. specified at different locations, specimens from each location
shall be tested.
6.3 Permeation Cup, shown in Fig. 1, is constructed of
metal(aluminumisrecommended)andiscomposedofthecup, 8.1.2 If, in a proposed design of an article of protective
clothing, seams are specified, additional specimens containing
O-ring (PTFE is recommended), retaining ring (aluminum is
recommended), and six fasteners (stainless steel is recom- such seams shall be tested. Care must be taken to ensure that
mended) for securing the retaining ring to the cup.The circular the permeation cup can be properly sealed when specimens of
opening in the retaining ring has a diameter of 7.8 6 0.05 cm, nonuniform thickness are tested.
corresponding to an area of 47.8 cm . 8.2 Each material specimen shall have a diameter at least 5
6.3.1 Materials other than aluminum may be used in the mm greater than the outside diameter of the O-ring or sealing
mechanism.
construction of the permeation cup. Such materials may be
8.3 A minimum of three specimens shall be tested for each
desirable for tests involving chemicals which are incompatible
material, composite, area (in the case of a heterogeneous
with aluminum (for example, acids).
design), or other condition. Random specimens may be gener-
6.3.2 A chemically resistant coating may be applied to the
ated as described in Practice E 105.
permeation cup to increase its range of chemical compatibility.
Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)hasbeenusedsuccessfullyasa
9. Conditioning
coating.
6.3.3 In place of the O-ring, either the cup or the retaining
9.1 No conditioning of the test specimen is required.
ring may be machined such that a seal is achieved when the
retaining ring is fastened to the cup.
10. Volatility Test
6.3.4 The volume available for the test liquid is approxi-
10.1 Weight loss from the cup is the result of chemical
mately 80 mL, although this amount of chemical is not
diffusion to and evaporation from the surface of the clothing
required nor recommended for performing the test.
specimen that faces the air. If the volatility of the chemical is
6.4 Torquing Device, to seal the retaining ring to the cup.
too low, the diffusing chemical will not evaporate from this
6.5 Lubricant, to prevent galling between the fasteners and
surface of the specimen as rapidly as it arrives there. In the
the cup.
extreme case, there might be no weight loss even though
chemical has diffused through the specimen.
7. Safety Precautions
10.2 Evaporation rate increases with temperature.
7.1 Before carrying out this test method, safety precautions
10.3 Detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitiv-
recommended for handling any potentially hazardous chemical
ity of the balance and the surface area available for evapora-
should be identified and reviewed to provide full protection to
tion.
all personnel.
10.4 Todeterminewhetherthevolatilityofthetestchemical
7.1.1 For carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and other
is sufficient for the permeation cup method to be applicable,
toxic (poisonous) chemicals, the work area should be isolated,
use the following test:
well-ventilated, and meticulously clean. Involved personnel
10.4.1 Place about 20 g of the test chemical into the cup.
should be outfitted with appropriate protective clothing and
10.4.2 Place the cup (uncovered) on the balance, being
equipment.
careful not to spill the chemical.
7.1.2 For corrosive or otherwise hazardous chemicals, in-
10.4.3 Record the weight of the cup.
volved personnel should, as a minimum, be outfitted with
10.4.4 Leave the cup on the balance for the shortest weigh-
protective clothing and equipment.
ing time interval that will be used during the test. The shortest
7.2 Provisions should be made for handling spills of the test
time interval may be the entire duration of the test if cumula-
chemical or splashes to the eyes or skin.
tive weight loss is the test objective (see Procedure A).
7.3 Appropriate procedures for the disposal of chemicals
10.4.5 Attheendoftheperiod,recordtheweightofthecup.
should be followed.
If the weight loss is >10 mg, then the chemical has sufficient
7.4 The test should be performed in a laboratory fume hood
volatility for the permeation cup test to be performed.
or outdoors.
10.4.5.1 Because volatility is dependent on temperature and
the detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitivity of
NOTE 1—In order to obtain stable readings from the analytical balance,
the balance, it may be necessary to rerun the volatility test each
it may be necessary to shield the balance or at least its pan from air
currents. time any one of these parameters is changed.
10.4.5.2 If no evaporation is detected, consider lengthening
8. Test Specimen
the minimum time interval and rerunning the volatility test.
8.1 A protective clothing material specimen may consist of
NOTE 2—When the test liquid is a mixture, weight loss during the
either a single layer or a composite of multiple layers that is
volatility test may be due to the evapo
...
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