ASTM E272-99(2004)e1
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related types of alloys.
1.2 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs that contain indications of discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates. These discontinuities are representative of those found in high-shrinkage, high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:E272–99 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy
Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in May 2004.
1. Scope E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and
in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings
degrees of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-
E192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings
base, nickel-copper, and related types of alloys. The reference
for Aerospace Applications
radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed.
[51 mm] in Thickness
1.2 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
nal radiographs that contain indications of discontinuities in
2.2 Military Specification:
sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates.
MIL-B-21230A Bronze, NickelAluminum and Manganese-
These discontinuities are representative of those found in
Nickel Aluminum, Casting, Ship Propeller Application
narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”), high-
2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:
strength copper and nickel-copper alloys.
Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
document, see Terminology E1316.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Reference radiographs for high-strength copper-base
2. Referenced Documents
2 and nickel-copper alloy castings are intended to be used as a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their
B148 Specification for Aluminum-Bronze Sand Castings
differentiation both as to type and severity level. A standard
B369 Specification for Copper-Nickel Alloy Castings
description of casting defects and corresponding radiographic
B584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for
indication types is available for reference in acceptance stan-
General Applications
dards, specifications, and drawings. Purchasers and suppliers
may, by mutual agreement, select particular radiographs to
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
serve as standards representing minimum acceptability. The
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
standards so established are identified by an alphabetic defect
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.
type and severity level (or class) designation.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E272 - 99. DOI:
10.1520/E0272-99R04E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
the ASTM website. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0272.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E272–99 (2004)
NOTE 2—Discontinuities caused by evolved gases may occur as more
4.2 The followingASTM specifications illustrate alloys that
or less spherical voids, but may also occur as elongated “worm holes” or
may be used with these standards. It is intended that these
cavities somewhat resembling certain types of shrinkage. It is recom-
reference radiographs also apply to related government and
mended that the “worm hole” cavities be evaluated by the use of the
commercial material specifications.
feathery or spongy shrinkage category reference radiographs.
A
Alloys ASTM Specifications
5.1.2 Shrinkage—Shrinkage is generally associated with
Aluminum Bronze B148
improper feeding and manifests itself in the following different
Nickel-Aluminum Bronze B148
indication forms:
Copper-Nickel B369
5.1.2.1 Sponge Shrinkage—Found in heavier sections (gen-
Manganese Bronze B584
A
erally over 2 in. in thickness). It appears on the radiographs as
Alloys Government Specification
a dark area or areas, lacy in texture, usually with a diffuse
Manganese-Nickel-Aluminum Bronze MIL-B-21230A—Alloy No. 2.
outline.
Nickel-Copper MIL-B-21230A—Alloy No. 2.
5.1.2.2 Feathery Shrinkage—Found in thinner sections (un-
A
See Section 2 for the complete title(s) of these specification(s).
der approximately 2 in.). It appears on radiographs as sponge
but with a more feathery outline.
NOTE 1—Thereferenceradiographsconsistofforty-five5by7-in.(127
by178-mm)radiographreproductions(twentymadefrom1-in.(25.4-mm) 5.1.2.3 Linear Shrinkage—Usually a continuous structure
plate castings with low-voltage X-rays and twenty-five made from 3-in.
of connected lines, branches or network of variable length,
(76-mm) plate castings with 2-MV X-rays or cobalt-60).
width, and density.
5.1.3 Hot Tears—The similarly appearing “hot tear” and
4.3 The discontinuity types and severity levels represented
“linear shrinkage” have distinctive characteristics. The follow-
by the reference radiographs are shown in Table 1, which also
ing information is presented as a guide to interpreters to
indicates the code designation for each discontinuity type.
minimize confusion in distinguishing hot tears from linear
4.4 Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are
shrinkage:
illustrated. Other discontinuity types such as unfused inserts
are illustrated in applicable Reference Radiographs E446,
E186, and E192.
TABLE 2 Alloy Type Used to Produce Plate Castings for Original
4.5 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
Radiographs
to the specific energy levels given in Note 1 or to the thickness
(Composition MIL-B-21230A (SHIPS)—Alloy No. 2)
limits given in Table 1. The document may be used, where
Chemical Composition, %
there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels
Copper 71, min
or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable
Manganese 11 to 14
and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser Nickel 1.5 to 3.0
Iron 2.0 to 4.0
and manufacturer.
Aluminum 7.0 to 8.5
Silicon 0.10, max
5. Descriptions of Discontinuities
Lead 0.03, max
Others 0.50, max
5.1 The following paragraphs are provided to aid in the
Mechanical Properties
identification and classification of discontinuities. They briefly
Tensile strength, min, psi (MPa) 90 000 (620)
describe the radiographic appearance of common types of
Yield strength, min, psi (MPa) 40 000 (275)
discontinuities and indicate their probable cause.
Elongation in 2 in. or 51 mm, min, % 20.0
5.1.1 Gas Holes—Appear as round or elongated smooth-
edged dark spots which may occur either individually, in
clusters, or distributed throughout the casting section.They are
5.1.3.1 Hot tears usually occur singly; shrinkage will gen-
generally caused by trapped air or mold gases.
erally be multiple.
5.1.3.2 Hot tears propagate at or near the surface; shrinkage
TABLE 1 Discontinuity Types and Severity Levels Illustrated by
appears to propagate at or near the midsection.
the Reference Radiographs
5.1.3.3 Hot tears generally occur at hot spots or section
A,B
Severity Levels or Classes
changes; linear shrinkage frequently occurs at uniformsections
Discontinuity Type Code
Up to 2-in. 2to6-in.
also.
Thickness Thickness
5.1.3.4 Hot tears occur where temperature gradients are
Gas porosity A 1 through 5 1 through 5
high; shrinkage occurs where temperature gradients are low.
Sand inclusions Ba 1 through 5 1 through 5
5.1.3.5 Hottearsoccurtransversetothedirectionofgreatest
Dross inclusions Bb 1 through 5 1 through 5
Shrinkage, linear Ca . 1 through 5
stress.
Shrinkage, feathery Cd 1 through 5 .
5.1.3.6 Hot tears can only be counteracted by altering the
Shrinkage, spongy Cd . 1 through 5
stress pattern or thermal pattern; shrinkage can always be
A
The radiographs of the 1-in. (25.4-mm) thick plates are applicable to and
countered by sufficient feed metal.
include 2-in. (51-mm) thick sections. The radiographs of the 3-in. (76-mm) t
...
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