ASTM E272-10
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Reference radiographs for high-strength copper-base and nickel-copper alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. Other discontinuity types such as hot tears, cracks and unfused chaplets are illustrated in applicable Reference Radiographs E186, E192, and E446. For reference, descriptions of typical casting defects and corresponding radiographic indication types are contained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes (see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability. (See Sections 7 and 8.)
Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application.
Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 9; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 10 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.
The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys that may be used with these standards. It is intended that these reference radiographs also apply to related government and commercial material specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related alloy castings. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.3). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
Note 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of this standard.
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of forty-five 5 by 7-in. (127 by 178-mm) nominal size reproductions (twenty made from 1-in. (25.4-mm) plate castings exposed with low voltage X-rays for thicknesses up to and including 2 in.) and twenty-five made from 3-in. (76-mm) plate castings exposed with 2 MV X-rays or Cobalt 60 isotope for thicknesses greater than 2 in. up to and including 6 in. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each discontinuity category is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by the category. These reference radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates and are representative of those found in narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”), high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard (see Note 2):
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E272 − 10
StandardReference Radiographs for
High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy
1
Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.2.1.2 A —Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and includ-
G
ing 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code A Discontinuity type” in
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various
previous revisions).
categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occur-
1.2.2 Category B—Inclusions
ring in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related
1.2.2.1 Ba—Sand inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 for
alloy castings.The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to
this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM two thickness ranges.
(1) Ba —Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called
International, if needed (see 2.3). Categories and severity
X
levels for each discontinuity type represented by these refer- “Code Ba Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).
(2) Ba —Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including
ence radiographs are described in 1.2.
G
6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Ba Discontinuity type” in
NOTE 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs
previous revisions).
requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination
attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4, 7, 8, 9, and 1.2.2.2 Bb—Dross inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5
10 of this standard.
for two thickness ranges.
(1) Bb --Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of forty-five 5 by
X
“Code Bb Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).
7-in. (127 by 178-mm) nominal size reproductions (twenty
(2) Bb —greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including
made from 1-in. (25.4-mm) plate castings exposed with low
G
6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Bb Discontinuity type” in
voltage X-rays for thicknesses up to and including 2 in.) and
previous revisions).
twenty-five made from 3-in. (76-mm) plate castings exposed
with 2 MV X-rays or Cobalt 60 isotope for thicknesses greater 1.2.3 Category C—Shrinkage; three types
than 2 in. up to and including 6 in. Unless otherwise specified
1.2.3.1 Ca—linear shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for
in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each discontinuity
2 inches to and including 6 in. (50.8 to 152.4 mm) in thickness
category is for comparison only with production radiographs
1.2.3.2 Cb—feathery shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5
produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness
for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called
range covered by the category. These reference radiographs
“Cd feathery shrinkage” in previous revisions).
illustrate discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-
1.2.3.3 Cc——spongyshrinkage,severitylevels1through5
aluminum bronze-alloy plates and are representative of those
for 2 in. to and including 6 in. (50.8 to 152.4 mm) in thickness
found in narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”),
(called “Cd spongy shrinkage” in previous revisions).
high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys. Following is a
list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the
NOTE 2—Discontinuity classes designated with a subscript “X” were
produced with low energy X-ray radiation; discontinuity classes desig-
adjunct reference radiographs of this standard (see Note 2):
nated with subscript “G” were produced with Cobalt 60 and/or 2 MV
1.2.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5
X-rays and are the same reference radiographs and thickness ranges used
for two thickness ranges.
in previous editions of this standard. Section 4 details the significance and
1.2.1.1 A —Up to and including 2 inches (50.8 mm) (called
X
use of these reference radiographs.
“Code A Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard.
1
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittees
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally
ϵ1
priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E272–99 (Reapproved 2004) Designation:E272–10
Standard Reference Radiographs for
High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy
1
Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in May 2004.
1. Scope
1.1These reference radiographs illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-base,
nickel-copper, and related types of alloys. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased
separately from ASTM International, if needed.
1.2These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs that contain indications of discontinuities in sand-cast
manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates. These discontinuities are representative of those found in narrow freezing range
(formerly “high shrinkage”), high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys.
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in
high-strengthcopper-base,nickel-copper,andrelatedalloycastings.Thereferenceradiographfilmsareanadjuncttothisdocument
and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.3). Categories and severity levels for each
discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
NOTE 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes
and classification criterion described in Sections 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of this standard.
1.2 Thesereferenceradiographsconsistofforty-five5by7-in.(127by178-mm)nominalsizereproductions(twentymadefrom
1-in. (25.4-mm) plate castings exposed with low voltage X-rays for thicknesses up to and including 2 in.) and twenty-five made
from 3-in. (76-mm) plate castings exposed with 2 MV X-rays or Cobalt 60 isotope for thicknesses greater than 2 in. up to and
including 6 in. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each discontinuity category is for
comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by the
category. These reference radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates and
are representative of those found in narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”), high-strength copper and nickel-copper
alloys.Followingisalistofdiscontinuitycategories,typesandseveritylevelsfortheadjunctreferenceradiographsofthisstandard
(see Note 2):
1.2.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges.
1.2.1.1 A —Up to and including 2 inches (50.8 mm) (called “Code A Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).
X
1.2.1.2 A —Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “CodeADiscontinuity type” in previous
G
revisions).
1.2.2 Category B—Inclusions
1.2.2.1 Ba—Sand inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges.
(1) Ba —Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called “Code Ba Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).
X
(2) Ba —Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Ba Discontinuity type” in previous
G
revisions).
1.2.2.2 Bb—Dross inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges.
(1) Bb --Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) (called “Code Bb Discontinuity type” in previous revisions).
X
(2) Bb —greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) (called “Code Bb Discontinuity type” in previous
G
revisions).
1
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittees E07.02
on Reference Radiological Images.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E272-99. DOI: 10.1520/E0272-
99R04E01.on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring.
´1
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.