ASTM D3886-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to abrasion of woven and knitted textile fabrics, both conditioned and wet, using the inflated diaphragm tester. This procedure is not applicable to floor coverings.
Note 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 1175, and AATCC Test Method 93.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 3886 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm
Apparatus)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope TestMethod 93 AbrasionResistanceofFabrics:Accelerator
2 Method
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
resistance to abrasion of woven and knitted textile fabrics, both
3. Terminology
conditioned and wet, using the inflated diaphragm tester. This
3.1 Definitions:
procedure is not applicable to floor coverings.
3.1.1 abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
material by rubbing against another surface.
textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 1175, and
3.1.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
AATCC Test Method 93.
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Summary of Test Method
standard; the values in English units are provided as informa-
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
4.1 A specimen is abraded by rubbing either unidirection-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ally or multidirectionally against an abradant having specified
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
surface characteristics. A specimen is held in a fixed position
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and supported by an inflated rubber diaphragm which is held
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
under constant pressure. A specimen is abraded by rubbing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
eitherunidirectionallyormultidirectionallyagainstanabradant
having specified surface characteristics. The resistance to
2. Referenced Documents
abrasion is determined using Option 1, the number of cycles to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
wear a hole in the specimen, or Option 2, visual assessment of
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
the specimen surface after a specified number of cycles.
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
5. Significance and Use
D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
and other materials is very complex.The resistance to abrasion
Textiles
is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical
D 3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double Head Method)
structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the
D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
type,kind,andamountoffinishingmaterialaddedtothefibers,
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
yarns, or fabric.
D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable
2.2 AATCC Standard:
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the
tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-13onTextiles
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must
Specific.
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originally
accordingly be discarded at frequent intervals or checked
published as D 3886 – 80. Last previous edition D 3886 – 92.
periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the
This test method is based upon the development described by R. G. Stoll, in
“Improved MultipurposeAbrasion Test and ItsApplication for the Wear Resistance
of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, July 1949, p. 394.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3886–99
abradant is used only once or discarded after limited use. With surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types
permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent of abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,
surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-
appreciably in a specific series of tests. Similar abradants used tance and interpretation of results.
in different laboratories will not change at the same rate, due to 5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed
differencesinusage.Permanentabradantsmayalsochangedue for measuring abrasion resistance may show a high degree of
to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and variability in results obtained by different operators and in
must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The mea- different laboratories; however, they represent the test methods
surement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be now most widely in use.
affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by 5.7 Because there is a definite need for measuring the
the judgment of the operator. relative resistance to abrasion, standardized test methods are
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Inflated Diaphragm Abrasion Tester
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea- needed and useful and may clarify the problem and lessen the
confusion.
sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only
one of several factors contributing to wear performance or
5.8 Because of the conditions mentioned above, technicians
durability as experienced in the actual use of the material.
frequently fail to get good agreement between results obtained
While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the
onthesametypeoftestinginstrumentbothwithinandbetween
number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified
laboratories, and the precision of these test methods is uncer-
technique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)
tain.
and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-
5.9 TestMethodD 3886isnotrecommendedforacceptance
tionorwearingoutinuse,includingtheeffectsofabrasion)are
testing of commercial shipment because of the poor between-
frequently related, the relationship varies with different end
laboratory precision.
uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation
5.9.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in
of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
tests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-use
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
tanceofvariousmaterialsislarge,buttheyshouldnotberelied
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. In
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
general, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
wear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing the
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
actual wear in the intended end-use.
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house- laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical
hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not analysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level
D3886–99
chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is diaphragm flush with the diaphragm surface. Provision should
found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the be made for a flexible electrical connection from this contact
purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test
pin to the ground of the machine. The strain distribution on the
results in the light of the known bias.
diaphragm must be uniform so that when inflated without the
specimen, it assumes the shape of a section of a sphere.
6. Apparatus
Pressure can be controlled from 0 to 41 kPa (0 to 6 psi).
6.1 Inflated Diaphragm Abrasion Tester, shown in Fig. 1
6.1.3 Driving Mechanism—The design of the driving
and Fig. 2 with the following essential parts:
mechanism is such that the circular clamp makes a reciprocal
6.1.1 Surface Abrasion Head—The specimen is mounted in
motion of 115 6 15 double strokes per minute of 25-mm
a circular clamp over a rubber diaphragm by means of a
(1-in.)strokelength.Provisionshallbemadeforrotationofthe
clamping ring and a tightening collar. The circular opening of
clamp in addition to the reciprocating motion so that one
the clamping ring is 94.0 6 1.3 mm (3.70 6 0.05 in.) in
revolution can be completed in 100 6 10 double strokes.
diameter and that of the collar 95.3 mm (3.75 in.) or more.The
6.1.4 Balance Head and Abradant Plate— The abradant is
height from the surface of the clamped-in specimen to the
mounted upon a plate, which is rigidly supported by a
upper edge of the tightening collar shall not exceed 9.5 mm ( ⁄8
in.). The clamping area of the body of the clamp and the ring double-lever assembly to provide for free movement in a
should have gripping surfaces to prevent slipping of the direction perpendicular to the plane of the reciprocating
specimen and leakage of air pressure during the test. Means
specimen clamp. The abradant plate assembly should be well
shouldbeprovidedforsupplyingairpressuretothebodyofthe
balanced to maintain a vertical pressure equivalent to a mass of
clamp so that the pressure under the diaphragm can be
0 to 2.2 kg (0 to 5 lb) by means of dead weights. Provision
controlledbetween0and41kPa(0and6psi)withanaccuracy
should be made to mount different abradants such as abrasive
of 65 % of range.
paper, fabrics, etc., on this plate, and to stretch them into an
6.1.2 Diaphragm—The rubber diaphragm should be 1.40 6
even position. An electrically insulated contact pin, adjustable
0.25 mm (0.055 6 0.010 in.) in thickness. A metallic contact
tothethicknessoftheabradantismountedintothisplateonthe
pin 3.2 mm ( ⁄8 in.) in diameter is sealed into the center of the
length axis at one of the turning points of the center of the
clamp.
6.1.5 Some testers can also be equipped with a continuous
The Stoll-Quartermaster has been found suitable and is available from Custom
changing abradant head which is optional.
Scientific Instrument, Inc., 13 Wing Drive, Whippany, NJ 07981.
FIG. 2 One Type of Commercial Inflated Diaphragm Abrasion Tester
D3886–99
NOTE 2—Themachinemanufacturerdoesnotprovideadequateinstruc- noted that, although the weight of the head is counter-balanced, the
tions for the use of the continuous changing abradant head. Work is being balance changes during use as the paper passes from the back roll to the
done with the manufacturer to write a set of instructions. front roll unless the continuous changing abradant head is used.
NOTE 5—Unless the continuous changing abradant head is used, it is
6.1.6 Machine Stopping Mechanism—Contact between the
recommended that the abradant paper be changed at some regular
adjustable pin on the lower side of the abradant plate and the
frequency,suchasevery100to300cycles.Asthisfrequencyisdependent
contact pin inserted into the center of the diaphragm closes a
upon the type of fabric being tested, the task group is working on devising
low-voltage circuit and stops the machine. a more extensive system.
6.1.7 Indicators—Means should be provided for indicating
9.4 Set the air pressure under the diaphragm and force on
the diaphragm pressure, and the number of abrasion cycles (1
the abradant plate. The air pressure should be 28 kPa (4 psi)
cycle = 1 double stroke).
and the load on the abradant should be 454 g (1 lb). Be sure
6.1.8 Fig. 2 shows a commercially available machine that
that the air pressure control and contact between inflated
conforms to the requirements of this method.
specimen and loaded abradant is in a state of equilibrium
before abrasion is started. To ensure consistent inflation of the
7. Sampling
diaphragm, inflate to a higher air pressure (25 %) and then
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
reduce to testing pressure.
take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an
9.5 Direction of Abrasion:
applicable material specification or other agreement between
9.5.1 Standard Multidirection—Engage the rotation mecha-
thepurchaserandthesupplier.Considerrollsoffabrictobethe
nism of the specimen clamp.
primary sampling unit.
9.5.2 Unidirection—When this is used, disengage the rota-
tion mechanism of the specimen clamp and bring the specimen
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
into the desired direction by turning and setting the clamp after
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between rolls of fabric and between test specimens from a swatch from a
thediaphragmhasbeeninflated.Includethisinformationinthe
roll of fabric to produce a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s
final report.
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
9.6 Remove pills of matted fibers interfering with proper
7.2 Laboratory Sample—Take a laboratory sample from contact between the specimen and abradant during the test if
each roll or piece of fabric in the lot sample. The laboratory
they cause a marked vibration of the abradant plate.
sample should be full width and at least 50 cm (approximately 9.7 If the specimen slip
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