ASTM D7188-05
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in the description of printing inks, printing materials, and printing processes.
1.2 This terminology standard does not include definitions related to Print Problems (see Terminology D 6488).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D7188 – 05
Standard Terminology for
Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5383 Practice for Visual Determination of the Lightfast-
ness of Art Materials by Art Technologists
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in the
D5403 Test Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation
description of printing inks, printing materials, and printing
Curable Materials
processes.
D5909 Test Method for Drying Time of Oxidative-Drying
1.2 This terminology standard does not include definitions
Printing Inks by Squalene Resistance
related to Print Problems (see Terminology D6488).
D6488 Terminology Relating to Print Problems
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D6493 Test Methods for Softening Point of Hydrocarbon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Resins by Automated Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D6687 Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Com-
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
ponents Thereof
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E430 TestMethodforMeasurementofGlossofHigh-Gloss
2. Referenced Documents
Surfaces by Goniophotometry
2.2 Other Documents:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NAPIM: National Association of Printing Ink Manufactur-
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,
th 3
ers, 5 ed. 1988
and Applications
Kipphan: Handbook of Print Media Technologies and Pro-
D1316 Test Method for Fineness of Grind of Printing Inks
duction Methods, Kipphan, Helmut: Springer 2001
By the NPIRI Grindometer
D1535 PracticeforSpecifyingColorbytheMunsellSystem
3. Significance and Use
D2066 Test Methods for RelativeTinting Strength of Paste-
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve
Type Printing Ink Dispersions
communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink mak-
D3732 Practice for Reporting Cure Times of Ultraviolet-
ers, paper makers, and printers.
Cured Coatings
3.2 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced
D4040 Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste
sourcesareindicatedbygivingtheacronymoftheorganization
Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
D4302 Specification for Artists’ Oil, Resin-Oil, and Alkyd
Paints
4. Terminology
D4361 Test Method forApparent Tack of Printing Inks and
4.1 Definitions:
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter
D4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-
abrasion resistance, n—(1) the ability of a coating to resist
ences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
being worn away and to maintain its original appearance and
D5010 Guide for Testing Printing Inks and Related Mate-
structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear.
rials
D16
D5181 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Printed
(2) resistance against the act of scraping, smudging, or
Matter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester
rubbing off. D5181
(3) ability to withstand the effects of repeated rubbing and
scuffing. NAPIM
abrasiveness, n—(1) the degree to which a product tends to
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of cause abrasion by the act of rubbing or scraping. D5181
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
(2) the tendency of a substance to wear or scratch other
Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published September 2005. DOI:
surfaces with which it is in contact. NAPIM
10.1520/D7188-05.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, 581 Main
the ASTM website. St., 5th Fl., Woodbridge, NJ 07095, http://www.napim.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7188 – 05
absorbency, n—the tendency of a porous material, such as cylinder containing balls which cascade; used to disperse a
paper, to take up liquids or vapors. NAPIM pigment in a vehicle by impact and attrition as the cylinder
absorption, n—soakinginorpenetrationofliquidcomponents revolves. NAPIM
of the ink into the pores of an absorbent substrate (a type of barrier coating, n—the coating applied to a substrate to make
physical drying, like evaporation). Kipphan it resistant to the permeation of moisture vapor, gases, water,
‘across-machine’ direction, n—the perpendicular to ‘with- or other liquids including oils. NAPIM
machine’ direction, referring to a substrate and its passage base, n—in ink manufacture, a dispersion of very high
through printing machinery. pigment-to-binder ratio containing usually only one pigment
additive, n—a substance added in small quantities to another (or dye) dispersed in a vehicle and subsequently mixed with
substance, usually to improve properties; sometimes called a polymers,solvents,andadditivestoproducethefinishedink.
modifier (for example, a drier, mildewcide, etc.). D16 NAPIM
additive primary colors, n—red, green, and blue. NAPIM basis weight, n—the weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets)
of paper cut to a given standard size for that grade.
DISCUSSION—Mixing lights of these colors together can produce a
NAPIM
large gamut of colors. When mixed in equal amounts, they produce the
sensation of white light.
DISCUSSION—For example, 500 sheets 25 by 38 of 80-lb. coated for
book papers will weigh eighty pounds.
adhesion, n—the tendency of a material to bond to another
material, as in the bonding of a printing ink to a substrate.
batch, n—a discrete quantity of manufactured ink or coating
adhesion promoter, n—a material built into the binder or
produced by following a formula to completion.
addedtotheinktoformprimarybondstoeitherthesubstrate
bimetal plate, n—in lithography, a plate in which the image
or the previously applied coating, with the specific aim of
area is copper or brass and the non-image area is aluminum,
improving the dry or wet adhesion, or both.
stainless steel, or chromium. NAPIM
adsorption, n—the adhesion of an extremely thin layer of
binder, n—the components in an ink film which hold the
material to the surface with which it is in contact. NAPIM
pigment to the printed surface. NAPIM
after-tack, n—the tendency of a printed surface to remain
blanc fixe, n—precipitated barium sulphate used as a semi-
sticky to the touch even when the ink has completed its
transparent extender in printing inks. NAPIM
drying process.
blanket, n—(1) in offset lithography, a fabric coated with
agglomerate, n—a cluster of pigment aggregates that can be
natural or synthetic rubber which is clamped around the
broken down by appropriate dispersion and milling opera-
blanket cylinder and which transfers the ink from the press
tions during ink manufacture.
plate to the paper. NAPIM
aggregate, n—a cluster of primary pigment particles that
(2) the sheet of elastomer-coated fabric or equivalent placed
cannot be broken down by dispersion and milling operations
on the blanket cylinder to receive ink from the plate and offset
during ink manufacture.
it to the sheet or web on the impression cylinder.
alkyd, n—a group of synthetic resins formed by condensations
blanket cylinder, n—a rigid roller to which a rubber coating
of polybasic acids with polyhydric alcohols, and modified
fabric is attached.
with drying oils for printing ink use. NAPIM
blanket wash, n—the solvent used to clean the blanket.
aluminum ink, n—see silver ink.
bleach, n—the method of measuring the tinctorial strength of
aniline ink, n—early name for rubber plate printing fluid
an ink or toner, usually accomplished by mixing a small
(flexographic) ink. NAPIM
portion of the ink (or toner) with a large amount of white
aniline point, n—the minimum temperature at which a hydro-
base and evaluating the tinctorial strength of the ink versus
carbon solvent is completely soluble in an equal volume of
a control standard. NAPIM
freshly distilled aniline. NAPIM
blind, n—an image area on a plate that will not take ink (not
to be used where no image is present.
DISCUSSION—Below this point, the mixture is cloudy and separates
blinding of lithographic plate, n—loss of ink-receptivity in
intotwolayers.Itisusedasameasureofsolventpowerofhydrocarbon
solvents. the image areas of the plate.
bloom, (see also blushing), n—(1) material migrating to the
aniline printing, n—an earlier name for flexography, based on
surface of a film. NAPIM
the use of the aniline inks that were initially used.
(2) coating that forms on rubber blankets when they are left
Kipphan
standing.
anilox roller, n—an engraved metering cylinder used in flexo
(3) v—migration over time of an incompatible component of
presses to transfer a controlled film of ink to the printing
a dried printing ink to the surface (for example, wax), often
plate.
resulting in a reduction in surface gloss.
antiskinning agents, n—chemical substances that retard the
blown oil, n—a product obtained by forcing air through heated
skin formation on the surface of an oxidizable oil or ink
drying or semi drying oils, which changes the oil by
(frequently antioxidants). NAPIM
oxidizing the double bonds.
apparent tack, n—a measure of the force required to split an
bodied oil, n—a drying or semi-drying oil whose viscosity has
ink film at the out-running nip of a pair of rollers under a
been increased (usually by heating). NAPIM
specific set of conditions.
body, n—(1) a general term referring to viscosity, consistency
ball mill, n—a dispersion device comprised of a rotating and flow of a vehicle or an ink.
D7188 – 05
temperature, water has a viscosity of approximately one centipoise,
(2) used to describe the increase in viscosity by polymeriza-
gravure inks of approximately 100 centipoise, and offset inks of
tion of drying oils at high temperatures. NAPIM
approximately 50,000 centipoise.
body gum, n—linseed oil that has been heat polymerized to a
heavy, gummy state, commonly used as a bodying agent.
chalking, n—a condition of a printing ink in which the
NAPIM
pigment is not properly bound to the substrate by the vehicle
bodying agent, n—a material added to an ink to increase its
and can be easily rubbed off as a powder. NAPIM
viscosity. NAPIM
channel black, n—carbon black produced by impinging a
boiled oil, n—a linseed oil which has been heated to a high
natural gas flame against a metal surface. NAPIM
temperature for a short time, which increases the viscosity
DISCUSSION—Because of air pollution control requirements, this type
and drying rate. NAPIM
of black has been almost completely replaced by Furnace Black in the
DISCUSSION—Boiled oil usually contains a small amount of drier. U.S.
brightness, n—the intensity of whiteness perceived by a
china clay, n—natural, white, inorganic mineral pigment used
viewer. NAPIM
in paper coatings and as an ink extender, also known as
brilliance, n—the combined effect of brightness and apparent
kaolin or Pigment White 19. NAPIM
color strength. NAPIM
chroma, n—(1) one of the attributes of color, characterized by
bronze, n—metallic appearance of a color caused by a change
its purity or saturation (strength). NAPIM
in the angles of viewing and illumination. NAPIM
(2) the attribute of color used to indicate the degree of
bronze powder, n—a metallic pigment for printing ink,
departure of the color from a neutral color of the same
consisting mainly of copper alloys in fine flakes. NAPIM
lightness. D1535
bronzing, v—(bronzebusting)applyingfinelypowderedmetal
cleaner sheet, n—a sheet of blotter-like stock that is some-
particlesorflakestogivetheappearanceofmetallicprinting.
times used as an aid in washing up the inked rollers.
NAPIM
coating, n—a liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition that is
n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes appears at
converted to a solid protective, decorative, or functional
the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
adherent film after application as a thin layer. D16
cobalt drier, n—a material containing chemically combined
DISCUSSION—Bronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observ-
cobalt used to accelerate oxidation and polymerization of a
ing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterized
by a distinct hue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of the lithographic ink film. NAPIM
color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is
cohesion, n—the tendency of a material to bond to itself rather
generally considered to be reflectance from very small particle size
than another material. NAPIM
pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink
coldset ink, n—ink which dries and forms a printed image by
film surface.
absorption into the substrate, without the use of heat or other
calender, n—a set or stack of horizontal rollers at the end of a
energy.
paper machine. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—News inks are often referred to as coldset inks.
DISCUSSION—The paper is passed between the rollers to increase the
colorant, n—the color-generating component of an ink, typi-
smoothness and gloss of its surface.
cally a pigment or a dye or combination of the two.
caliper, n—the thickness of a sheet or material, usually
colorbar, n—a device printed in a trim area of a press sheet to
expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils). NAPIM
monitor printing variables such as trapping, ink density, dot
cast-coated paper, n—a paper or board having a coating
gain, and print contrast; usually consisting of single solid
which is allowed to harden or set while in contact with a
colors, overprints, or two and three color solids and tints of
finished casting surface (usually a steam heated drum).
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Additional aids such as resolution targets and dot gain
DISCUSSION—Cast-coated papers have a high-gloss finish.
scales can be included.
catalyticcoating, n—coatingsformulatedastwo-partsystems,
color burn-out, n—an objectionable change in the color of a
available in both water and solvent reducible formulas,
printing ink which may occur either in bulk or on the printed
which use reactive resins that cure to form a thermoset film.
sheet. NAPIM
NAPIM
DISCUSSION—In the bulk case it is associated primarily with tints, and
DISCUS
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