ASTM D4945-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Deep Foundations
Standard Test Method for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Deep Foundations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Based on the measurements from strain or force, and acceleration, velocity, or displacement transducers, this test method obtains the force and velocity induced in a pile during an axial impact event (see Figs. 1 and 2). The Engineer may analyze the acquired data using engineering principles and judgment to evaluate the integrity of the pile, the performance of the impact system, and the maximum compressive and tensile stresses occurring in the pile.
If sufficient axial movement occurs during the impact event, and after assessing the resulting dynamic soil response along the side and bottom of the pile, the Engineer may analyze the results of a high-strain dynamic test to estimate the ultimate axial static compression capacity (see Note 1). Factors that may affect the axial static capacity estimated from dynamic tests include, but are not limited to the: (1) pile installation equipment and procedures, (2) elapsed time since initial installation, (3) pile material properties and dimensions, (4) type, density, strength, stratification, and saturation of the soil, or rock, or both adjacent to and beneath the pile, (5) quality or type of dynamic test data, (6) foundation settlement, (7) analysis method, and (8) engineering judgment and experience. If the Engineer does not have adequate previous experience with these factors, and with the analysis of dynamic test data, then a static load test carried out according to Test Method D1143/D1143M should be used to verify estimates of static capacity and its distribution along the pile length. Test Method D1143/D1143M provides a direct and more reliable measurement of static capacity.
Note 1—The analysis of a dynamic test will under predict the ultimate axial static compression capacity if the pile movement during the impact event is too small. The Engineer should determine how the size and shape of the pile, and the properties of the soil or rock beneath and adjacent to the pile, affect the amount of movement required to...
SCOPE
1.1 This dynamic test method covers the procedure for applying an axial impact force with a pile driving hammer or a large drop weight that will cause a relatively high strain at the top of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation unit, and for measuring the subsequent force and velocity response of that deep foundation unit. High-strain dynamic testing applies to any deep foundation unit, also referred to herein as a “pile,” which functions in a manner similar to a driven pile or a cast-in-place pile regardless of the method of installation, and which conforms with the requirements of this test method.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for dynamic testing of deep foundations. Plans, specifications, or provisions (or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the “Engineer”, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.
1.3 The proper conduct and evaluation of high-strain dynamic tests requires special knowledge and experience. A qualified engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of deep foundations used in the constructed foundation. A qualified engineer shall approve the apparatus used for applying the impact force, driving appurtenances, test rigging, hoist equipment, support frames, templates, and test procedures.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a reco...
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Designation: D4945 − 12
Standard Test Method for
1
High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Deep Foundations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This dynamic test method covers the procedure for
standard.
applying an axial impact force with a pile driving hammer or
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
alargedropweightthatwillcausearelativelyhighstrainatthe
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
top of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation unit,
Practice D6026.
and for measuring the subsequent force and velocity response
of that deep foundation unit. High-strain dynamic testing
1.7 The method used to specify how data are collected,
applies to any deep foundation unit, also referred to herein as
calculated,orrecordedinthisstandardisnotdirectlyrelatedto
a“pile,”whichfunctionsinamannersimilartoadrivenpileor
theaccuracytowhichthedatacanbeappliedindesignorother
acast-in-placepileregardlessofthemethodofinstallation,and
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
which conforms with the requirements of this test method.
standard is beyond its scope.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for dy- 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
namic testing of deep foundations. Plans, specifications, or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
provisions (or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design,
precautionary statement, see Note 4.
referred to herein as the “Engineer”, shall approve any
2. Referenced Documents
deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this
2
standard. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
C469Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and
1.3 The proper conduct and evaluation of high-strain dy-
Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression
namic tests requires special knowledge and experience. A
D198Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural
qualified engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of
Sizes
field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
predict the actual performance and adequacy of deep founda-
Fluids
tions used in the constructed foundation. A qualified engineer
D1143/D1143MTest Methods for Deep Foundations Under
shallapprovetheapparatususedforapplyingtheimpactforce,
Static Axial Compressive Load
driving appurtenances, test rigging, hoist equipment, support
D3689Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static
frames, templates, and test procedures.
Axial Tensile Load
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
whichprovideexplanatorymaterial.Thesenotesandfootnotes
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
as requirements of the standard. The word “shall” indicates a
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a
Data
recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences
3. Terminology
indicate mandatory provisions.
3.1 Definitions—For common definitions of terms used in
this standard, see Terminology D653.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
2
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.11onDeepFoundations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4945–08. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4945-12. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4945 − 12
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4945–08 Designation:D4945–12
Standard Test Method for
1
High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Deep Foundations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope *
1.1 This dynamic test method covers the procedure for applying an axial impact force with a pile driving hammer or a large
drop weight that will cause a relatively high strain at the top of an individual vertical or inclined deep foundation unit, and for
measuringthesubsequentforceandvelocityresponseofthatdeepfoundationunit.High-straindynamictestingappliestoanydeep
foundation unit, also referred to herein as a “pile,” which functions in a manner similar to a driven pile or a cast-in-place pile
regardless of the method of installation, and which conforms with the requirements of this test method.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for dynamic testing of deep foundations. Plans, specifications, or provisions
(or combinations thereof) prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to
satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein
as the “Engineer”, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.
1.3 The proper conduct and evaluation of high-strain dynamic tests requires special knowledge and experience. A qualified
engineer should directly supervise the acquisition of field data and the interpretation of the test results so as to predict the actual
performanceandadequacyofdeepfoundationsusedintheconstructedfoundation.Aqualifiedengineershallapprovetheapparatus
used for applying the impact force, driving appurtenances, test rigging, hoist equipment, support frames, templates, and test
procedures.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. The word “shall” indicates a
mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate
mandatory provisions.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.7 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the
accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard
is beyond its scope.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Note 4.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C469 Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression
D198 Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D1143/D1143M Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load
D3689 Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Tensile Load
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.11 on Deep Foundations.
Current edition approved Oct.May 1, 2008.2012. Published November 2008.May 2012. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20002008 as
D4945–00.D4945–08. DOI: 10.1520/D4945-08.10.1520/D4945-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer
...
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