ASTM D1499-13(2021)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics
Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ability of a plastic material to resist deterioration of its electrical, mechanical, and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant for many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as, atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.
4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared in accordance with Section 9 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained in accordance with this practice.
Note 2: Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an open-flame carbon-arc is significantly different from that produced in light and water exposure devices using other carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type and rate of degradation and the performance rankings produced by exposures to filtered open-flame carbon-arcs can be much different from those produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light sources.
4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the same type of carbon-arc, filters, and exposure conditions.
4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for exposure of plastics in filtered open-flame carbon-arc devices conducted in accordance with Practices G151 and G152. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test condition suited for plastics, and the evaluation of test results.
1.2 This practice does not cover enclosed carbon-arc exposures of plastics, which had been allowed in Practice D1499. Enclosed carbon-arc exposures of plastics are described in Practice D6360, and in G153, which gives requirements for exposing nonmetallic materials in enclosed carbon-arc devices.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This practice is technically equivalent to ISO 4892-4.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1499 − 13 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Practice for
Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1499; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)
D5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of
1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test condi-
Plastics
tions that are applicable for exposure of plastics in filtered
D6360 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plas-
open-flame carbon-arc devices conducted in accordance with
tics
Practices G151 and G152. This practice also covers the
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
preparation of test specimens, the test condition suited for
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
plastics, and the evaluation of test results.
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural andArtificial Weath-
1.2 This practice does not cover enclosed carbon-arc expo-
ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
sures of plastics, which had been allowed in Practice D1499.
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
Enclosed carbon-arc exposures of plastics are described in
of Nonmetallic Materials
Practice D6360, and in G153, which gives requirements for
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
exposingnonmetallicmaterialsinenclosedcarbon-arcdevices.
lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values in parentheses are given for information erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
G152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light
only.
Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
G153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
G169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Weathering Tests
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.2 ISO Standard:
NOTE 1—This practice is technically equivalent to ISO 4892-4.
ISO 4892-4 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Light Sources—Part 4, Open-Flame Carbon Arc Lamp
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3. Terminology
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1 The definitions in Terminology G113 are applicable to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
this practice.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The ability of a plastic material to resist deterioration of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
its electrical, mechanical, and optical properties caused by
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
exposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant for
many applications.This practice is intended to induce property
changes associated with end-use conditions, including the
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsand effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Durability of Plastics.
thispracticeisnotintendedtosimulatethedeteriorationcaused
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published July 2021. Originally approved
in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D1499 - 13. DOI: 10.1520/
D1499-13R21.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1499 − 13 (2021)
by localized weather phenomena, such as, atmospheric used to evaluate the effects of the exposure on the specimens;
pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. the test method shall be determined by the parties concerned.
Where practical, it is recommended that specimens be sized to
4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when
fit specimen holders and racks supplied with the exposure
operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of
apparatus. Unless supplied with a specific backing as an
this practice. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice
integral part of the test, specimens shall be mounted so that
shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared in
only the minimum specimen area required for support by the
accordance with Section 9 that describes the specific operating
holder shall be covered. This unexposed surface must not be
conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed informa-
used as part of the test area. When necessary, to provide
tion on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained in
rigidity,flexiblespecimensshouldbeattachedto,orbackedby,
accordance with this practice.
a panel made of aluminum, 0.025-in. (0.64-mm) thick.
NOTE 2—Additional information on sources of variability and on
6.2 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three repli-
strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data
cate specimens of each test and control material.
analysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an
6.3 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of all
open-flame carbon-arc is significantly different from that material evaluated.
produced in light and water exposure devices using other
6.3.1 When destructive tests are run, ensure that sufficient
carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type and
file specimens are retained so that the property of interest can
rate of degradation and the performance rankings produced by
be determined on unexposed file specimens each time exposed
exposures to filtered open-flame carbon-arcs can be much materials are evaluated.
different from those produced by exposures to other types of
6.4 Specimens should not be removed from the exposure
laboratory light sources.
apparatus for more than 24 h and then returned for additional
4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all
tests, since this does not produce the same results on all
laboratories use the same type of carbon-arc, filters, and
materials as tests run without this type of interruption. When
exposure conditions.
specimensareremovedfromtheexposureapparatusfor24hor
4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has more and then returned for additional exposure, report the
been shown to be good when the stability of materials is
elapsed time in accordance with Section 9.
evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other
NOTE 3—Since the stability of the file specimen may also be time-
5,6
materials or to a control. Therefore, exposure of a similar
dependent, users are cautioned that over prolonged exposure periods, or
material of known performance (a control) at the same time as
where small differences in the order of acceptable limits are anticipated,
the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended comparisonofexposedspecimenswiththefilespecimenmaynotbevalid.
Instrumental measurements are recommended whenever possible.
that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to
allow for statistical evaluation of results.
6.5 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 for
identification and conditioning and handling of test specimens,
4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to
and reference materials prior to, during, and after exposure.
operate the equipment in accordance with Practice G152.
Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom
6.6 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose of
from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and
showing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.
humidity control, and conditions of the electrodes.
Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since the
masked portion of the specimen is still exposed to temperature
5. Apparatus
and humidity cycles that in many cases will affect results.
5.1 Use filtered open-flame carbon-arc apparatus that con-
6.7 Since the thickness of a specimen may markedly affect
forms to the requirements defined in Practices G151 and G152.
the results, thickness of test and control specimens shall be
within 610 % of the nominal dimensions.
5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distribu-
tion of the filtered open-flame carbon-arc shall conform to the
NOTE 4—This is especially important when mechanical properties are
requirements in Practice G152 for carbon-arc with daylight
being investigated.
filters.
6.8 Incident energy at the extremes of the specimen expo-
sure area in older equipment may be only 60 to 70 % of that at
6. Test Specimen
the center. If the irradiance at any position within the exposure
6.1 The size and shape of specimens to be exposed will be
area is less than 90 % of the peak irradiance, follow one of the
determined by the specifications of the particular test method
procedures outlined in Practice G152 to ensure either equal
radiant exposure or compensation for differences in radiant
exposure.
Fischer, R., “Results of Round Robin Studies of Light- and Water-Exposure
Standard Practices,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic
7. Procedure
Materials, ASTM STP 1202, Warren D. Ketola and Douglas Grossman, eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993.
7.1 It is recommended that a control material be exposed
Ketola, W., and Fischer, R., “Characterization and Use of Reference Materials
simultaneously with experimental materials for determination
in Accelerated Durability Tests,” VAMAS Technical Report No. 30, available from
NIST, Gaithersburg, MD. of relative performance, if performance comparisons are not
D1499 − 13 (2021)
panel temperature may not reach equilibrium.
being made between the test materials themselves. All con-
NOTE 9—The test cycle described in 7.4.1 is also referred to as the
cerned parties must agree on the control material used.
“102-18 cycle” and may not adequately simulate the effects of outdoor
7.1.1 Identification of any control specimen used shall
exposure.
accompany the report.
7.5 Water Purity:
7.2 Mount the test specimens in the specimen exposure area
7.5.1 The purity of water used for specimen spray is very
with the test surfaces facing the lamp.When the test specimens
important.Without proper treatment to remove cations, anions,
do not completely fill the exposure area, fill the empty spaces
organics, and particularly silica, exposed panels will develop
with blank metal panels to maintain the test conditions within
spots or stains that may not occur in exterior exposures.
the chamber.
7.5.2 Follow the requirements for water purity described in
7.3 Confine specimens to an exposure area where the
Practice G151.
irradiance is at least 90 % of that measured at the center of the
7.5.3 If specimens are found to have deposits or stains after
exposure area. In areas where the irradiance is between 70 and
exposure in the apparatus, the water purity must be checked to
90 % of maximum irradiance, follow one of the procedures
determine if it meets the requirements of 7.5.2. On some
outlined in Practice G152 to ensure either equal radiant
occasions,exposedspecimenscanbecontaminatedbydeposits
exposure or compensation for differences in radiant exposure.
from bacteria that can grow in the purified water used for
Determine irradiance uniformity in accordance with Practice
specimen spray. If bacterial contamination is detected, the
G151.
entire system used for specimen water spray must be flushed
7.4 Practice G152 lists several exposure cycles that are used with chlorine and thoroughly rinsed prior to resuming expo-
sures.
for filtered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of nonmetallic
materials. Obtain mutual agreement between all concerned
7.5.4 The typical temperature of water used for specimen
parties for the specific exposure cycle used. Additional inter- spray is 21 6 5°C (70 6 9°F). However, if ambient tempera-
vals and methods of wetting, by spray, condensation, or
ture is low and a holding tank is not used to store purified
immersion, or a combination of these, may be substituted upon water, the temperature of water used for specimen spray may
mutual agreement between the concerned parties. be below the typical range given.
7.5.5 When the water purity requirements are met and there
NOTE 5—Spray, condensation, and immersion are different types of
is disagreement between parties on the extent of problems
moisture exposures and frequently produce different results.
caused by stain or deposit, run referee tests in at least one other
7.4.1 Byhistoricalconvention,thefollowingexposurecycle
laboratory that can meet the water quality requirements de-
has been commonly used for plastics.
scribed in 7.5.
NOTE 6—Unless otherwise specified, operate the apparatus to maintain
7.5.6 For devices with humidity control, it is recommended
the specified operational fluctuations for the parameters below. If the
that deionized water be used when generating water vapor to
actual operating conditions do not agree with the machine settings after
control humidity.
the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the cause of
the disagreement before continuing.
7.6 Some tests for lightfastness are run without any speci-
NOTE 7—Set points and operational fluctuations could either be listed
menwetting.Whenthistypeoftestisrequired,omittheperiod
independentlyofeachother,orthey
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