ASTM A1023/A1023M-02
(Specification)Standard Specification for Stranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes
Standard Specification for Stranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the more common types of stranded steel wire ropes. Included in this specification are wire ropes in various grades and constructions from 1/4 in. (6 mm) to 23/8 in. (60 mm) manufactured from uncoated or metallic coated wire. Also included are cord products from 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) to 3/8 in. (10 mm) manufactured from metallic coated wire. For specific applications, additional or alternative requirements may apply.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pounds or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
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Designation: A 1023/A 1023M – 02
Standard Specification for
Stranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 1023/A 1023M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.2 preservation compound, n—material, usually contain-
ing some form of blocking agent, applied during, after, or both
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for
during and after manufacture of the rope to fiber inserts, fillers,
the more common types of stranded steel wire ropes. Included
and coverings for the purpose of providing protection against
in this specification are wire ropes in various grades and
1 3 corrosion.
constructions from ⁄4 in. (6 mm) to 2 ⁄8 in. (60 mm) manufac-
3.2.3 rope lubricant, n—general term used to signify mate-
tured from uncoated or metallic coated wire.Also included are
1 3 rial applied during the manufacture of a strand, core, or rope
cord products from ⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) to ⁄8 in. (10 mm)
for the purpose of reducing internal friction, providing protec-
manufactured from metallic coated wire. For specific applica-
tion against corrosion, or both.
tions, additional or alternative requirements may apply.
3.3 rope cores, n—central element, usually of fiber or steel
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pounds or SI units are to
(but may be a combination of both), of a round rope around
be regarded separately as standard.Within the text, the SI units
which are laid helically the strands of a stranded rope or the
are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system are not
unit ropes of a cable-laid rope (Fig. 1).
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-
3.3.1 fiber core (FC), n—an element made from either
pendentlyoftheother.Combiningvaluesfromthetwosystems
natural or synthetic fibers.
may result in nonconformance with the specification.
3.3.2 solid polymer core, n—a single element of solid
2. Referenced Documents
polymer material that is either cylindrical or shaped (grooved).
It may also include an element or elements of wire or fiber.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.3.3 steel core, n—a stranded rope (IWRC), or a round
A 931 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Wire Ropes and
strand (WSC) construction. The round strand or the stranded
Strand
rope core or its outer strands, or both, may also be covered or
A 1007 Specification for Carbon Steel Wire for Wire Rope
filled with either fiber or solid polymer. Steel cores are
2.2 ISO Standards:
normally made as a separate independent element, the excep-
ISO 2232 Round Drawn Wire for General-Purpose Non-
tion being rope with a stranded rope core closed parallel with
alloy Steel Wire Ropes
the outer strands.
ISO 3108 Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes—
3.4 strand, n—an element of rope normally consisting of an
Determination of Actual Breaking
assembly of wires of appropriate shape and dimensions laid
3. Terminology
helically in one or more layers around a center.The center may
consist of one round or shaped wire, of several round wires
Description of Terms Specific to this Specification
forming a built-up center, or of fiber or some other material. If
3.1 inserts, n—fiber or solid polymer so positioned as to
multiple wires are used in a strand center, they may be counted
separate adjacent strands or wires in the same or overlying
as one wire.
layers or to fill interstices of the rope.
3.4.1 Cross-Section Shape:
3.2 Lubrication:
3.4.1.1 compacted strand, n—a strand that has been sub-
3.2.1 impregnating compound, n—material used in the
jected to a compacting process such as drawing, rolling, or
manufacture of natural fiber cores, covers, or inserts for the
swaging (Fig. 2).
purpose of providing protection against rotting and decay of
3.4.1.2 round strand, n—strand having a perpendicular
the fiber material.
cross-section that is approximately the shape of a circle (Fig.
3).
3.4.1.3 triangular strand, n—strand having a perpendicular
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel, and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee cross-section that is approximately the shape of a triangle
A01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire.
(formerly referred to as flattened strand) (Fig. 4).
Current edition approved March 10, 2002. Published May 2002.
(a) Style B—Solid center wire
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 1023/A 1023M – 02
wires, beginning with the outer wires, with each layer separated by a
hyphen.
3.4.3.3 single lay, n—strand that contains only one layer of
wires.
3.5 stranded wire rope, n—an assembly of strands laid
helically in one or more layers around a core. Exceptions are
stranded wire ropes consisting of three or four outer strands
that may or may not be laid around a core. Elements of
stranded wire rope are shown in Fig. 7.
3.6 Wires:
3.6.1 finish and quality of coating, n—the condition of the
surface finish of the wire, that is, uncoated or metallic coated
(zinc or zinc alloy).
3.6.1.1 metallic coated wire, n—carbon steel wire that has a
metallic coating.
FIG. 1 Examples of Cores (a) drawn-galvanized wire, n—coated carbon steel wire
with a zinc coating applied prior to the final wire drawing
(b) Style G—332or332+3F center operation, that is, galvanized in process.
(c) Style H—3 or 3+3F center (b) drawn-Zn5/Al-MM wire, n—coated carbon steel wire
(d) Style V—137 center with a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating applied prior
3.4.2 strand lay direction, n—the direction right (z) or left to the final wire drawing operation.
(s) corresponding to the direction of lay of the outer wires in (c) final-coated Zn5/Al-MM wire, n—coated carbon steel
relation to the longitudinal axis of the strand (Fig. 5). wire with a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating applied
3.4.3 Type and Constructions: after the final wire drawing operation.
3.4.3.1 multiple operation lay, n—construction containing
(d) final-galvanized wire, n—coated carbon steel wire with
at least two layers of wires in which successive layers are laid
a zinc coating applied after the final wire drawing operation,
in more than one operation, with different lay lengths. There
that is, galvanized at finished size.
are two basic types of multiple operation strand:
3.6.1.2 uncoated wire, n—carbon steel wire that does not
(a) compound lay, n—strand that contains a minimum of
have a metallic coating. Commonly referred to as bright wire.
three layers of wires where a minimum of one layer is laid in
3.6.2 Function:
a separate operation, but in the same direction, over a parallel
3.6.2.1 filler wires, n—comparatively small wires used in
lay center.
certain constructions of parallel lay ropes to create the neces-
(b) cross-lay, n—strand in which the wires are laid in the
sary number of interstices for supporting the next layer of
same direction. The wires of superimposed wire layers cross
covering wires.
one another and make point contact.
3.6.2.2 load-bearing wires (main wires), n—thosewiresina
3.4.3.2 parallel lay, n—strand that contains at least two
rope that are considered as contributing toward the breaking
layers of wires, all of which are laid in one operation (in the
force of the rope.
same direction). The lay length of all the wire layers is equal,
3.6.2.3 non-load-bearing wires, n—those wires in a rope
and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel to
that are considered as not contributing toward the breaking
each other, resulting in linear contact. There are four types of
force of the rope.
parallel lay constructions:
3.6.2.4 seizing (serving) wires or strands, n—single wires
(a) combined, adj—describes a parallel lay construction
or strands used for making a close-wound helical serving to
having three or more layers laid in one operation and formed
retain the elements of a rope in their assembled position.
from a combination of the above, for example, Warrington-
3.6.3 layer of wires, n—an assembly of wires having one
Seale construction (Fig. 6a).
pitch diameter.The exception is aWarrington layer comprising
(b) filler (F), adj—describes a construction having outer
largeandsmallwireswherethesmallerwiresarepositionedon
layercontainingtwicethenumberofwiresthantheinnerlayer,
a larger pitch circle than the larger wires. The first layer of
with filler wires laid in the interstices between the layers. Filler
wires is that which is laid over the strand center. Filler wires do
wires are designated with the letter “F” (Fig. 6b).
not constitute a separate layer.
(c) Seale (S), adj—describes a construction having same
3.6.4 Position:
number of wires in each layer, for example, 9-9-1 (Fig. 6c).
3.6.4.1 center wires, n—wires positioned at the center of a
(d) Warrington (W), adj—describes a construction having
strand of a stranded rope.
outer (Warrington) layer containing alternately large and small
3.6.4.2 core wires, n—all wires comprising the core of a
wires and twice the number of wires as the inner layer.
stranded rope.
Warrington layers are designated by listing the number of large
3.6.4.3 inner wires, n—all wires except center, filler, core,
and small wires with a + sign in between and bracketing()the
and outer wires in a stranded rope.
layer, for example, (6+6) (Fig. 6d).
3.6.4.4 outer wires, n—all wires in the outer layer of the
NOTE 1—Strand construction is designated by listing the number of outer strands of a stranded rope.
A 1023/A 1023M – 02
FIG. 2 Compacted Round Strand–Before and After
3.8 Lay Length:
3.8.1 rope lay length, n—that distance measured parallel to
the longitudinal rope axis in which the outer strands of a
strandedropeorthecomponentropesofacable-laidropemake
one complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the rope (Fig. 9).
3.8.2 strand lay length, n—that distance measured parallel
to the longitudinal strand axis, in which the wire in the strand
makes one complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the strand.
FIG. 3 Round Strand
The lay length of a strand is that corresponding to the outer
layers of wires (Fig. 9).
Manufacture (Rope)
3.9 Preformation:
3.9.1 non-preformed rope, n—rope in which the wires and
strands in the rope will, after removal of any seizing (serving),
spring out of the rope formation.
3.9.2 preformed rope, n—rope in which the wires and
FIG. 4 Triangular Strand
strands in the rope will not, after removal of any seizing
(serving), spring out of the rope formation.
3.10 prestretching, n—the name given to a process that
results in the removal of a limited amount of constructional
stretch.
Mechanical Properties
3.11 Rope:
3.11.1 actual (measured) breaking force, n—breaking force
obtained using the prescribed test method in Test Method
A 931 or ISO 3108.
3.11.2 calculated breaking force, n—value of breaking
forceobtainedfromthesumofthemeasuredbreakingforcesof
the wires in the rope, before rope making, multiplied by the
measured spinning loss factor as determined by the rope
manufacturer’s design.
FIG. 5 Lay Direction of Strands for Stranded Ropes
3.11.3 measured spinning loss factor, n—ratio between the
measured breaking force of the rope and the sum of the
Dimensional Characteristics
measured breaking forces of the wires, before rope making.
3.11.4 minimum breaking force, n—specified value that the
3.7 Diameter of Rope:
actual (measured) breaking force must meet or exceed in a
3.7.1 diameter of plastic-coated rope, n—the diameter that
prescribed test.
circumscribes the overall rope cross-section including the
3.12 Rope Stretch (Extension):
cover followed by the diameter, which circumscribes the
3 5
underlying rope (for example, ⁄4 3 ⁄8 in.). 3.12.1 constructional stretch (extension), n—amount of ex-
3.7.2 diameter of round rope, n—the diameter (d) that tension that is attributed to the initial bedding down of wires
circumscribes the rope cross-section. Diameter is expressed in within the strands and the strands within the rope due to
inches or millimeters (Fig. 8). loading. Initial extension cannot be determined by calculation.
A 1023/A 1023M – 02
A—Example of Combined Parallel Lay ex. 31WS, 12-(6+6)-6-1
B—Filler Construction ex. 25F, 12-6F-6-1
C—Seale Construction ex. 19S, 9-9-1
D—Warrington Construction ex. 19W, (6+6)-6-1
FIG. 6 Parallel Lay Constructions
3.13.1 torsions, n—a measure of wire ductility normally
expressed as the number of 360° revolutions that a wire can
withstand before breakage occurs, using a prescribed test
method. Torsion requirements are based on the wire diameter
and either the wire level, as specified in Specification A 1007,
or the tensile strength grade, as specified in ISO 2232.
3.13.2 wire tensile strength, n—ratio between the maximum
force obtained in a tensile test and the nominal cross-sectional
area of the test piece. Requirements for wire tensile strength
are determined by either the wire level, as specified in
Specification A 1007, or by the tensile strength grade, as
specified in ISO 2232.
3.13.2.1 tensile strength grade, n—a level of requirement
for tensile strength based on the SI system of units. It is
designated by a value according to the lower limit of tensile
strength and is used when specifying wire. Values are ex-
pressed in N/mm (for example, 1960).
3.13.2.2 wire level, n—a level of requirement for tensile
strength based on the inch-pound system of units (for example,
Level 3).
Terminology Relating to Ropes
FIG. 7 Elements of Stranded Wire Rope
3.14 Rope Classification and Construction:
3.14.1 rope classification, n—a grouping of ropes of similar
characteristics on the basis of, for stranded ropes, the number
of strands and their shape, the number of strand layers, the
numberofwiresinonestrand,thenumberofouterwiresinone
strand, and the number of wire layers in one strand. For
classification details, refer to Table 2.
3.14.2 rope construction, n—detail and arrangement of the
variouselementsoftherope,takingintoaccountthenumberof
strands, and the number of wires in the strand. For construction
details, refer to Tables 9-34.
3.14.3 Discussion—Rope construction is designated by list-
ing the number of outer strands followed by the number of
wires in each strand and the designation for the type of
FIG. 8 Diameter of Round Rope
construction, for example, 6325F. The “3” symbol is read as
“by.”
3.15 rope grade, n—a level of requirement for breaking
3.12.2 elastic stretch (extension), n—amount of recoverable
extensi
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