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ASTM C441-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used as a preliminary or screening test to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a number of different materials being considered for use to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction.  
This test method may also be used to evaluate materials proposed for use on a particular job to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction, by testing in the quantity and in combination with the cement or cements to be used on the job.  
This test method does not assess the suitability of pozzolans or slag for use in concrete. These materials should comply with Specification C 618, Specification C 989 or Specification C 1240.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effectiveness of pozzolans or slag in preventing the excessive expansion caused by reaction between aggregates and alkalies in portland cement mixtures. The evaluation is based on the expansion developed in mortar bars by a combination of portland cement and a pozzolan or slag, made with reactive aggregates (borosilicate glass), during storage under prescribed conditions of test.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2005
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C441-02a - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Replaced By
ASTM C441/C441M-11 - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
Effective Date
15-Oct-2011

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ASTM C441-05 - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica ReactionASTM C441-05 - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
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ASTM C441-05 - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C441–05
Standard Test Method for
Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in
Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the
1
Alkali-Silica Reaction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effec- 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
tiveness of pozzolans or slag in preventing the excessive method, refer to Terminology C125.
expansion caused by reaction between aggregates and alkalies
4. Significance and Use
in portland cement mixtures. The evaluation is based on the
expansion developed in mortar bars by a combination of 4.1 This test method may be used as a preliminary or
screening test to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a number
portland cement and a pozzolan or slag, made with reactive
aggregates(borosilicateglass),duringstorageunderprescribed of different materials being considered for use to prevent
excessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction.
conditions of test.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.2 This test method may also be used to evaluate materials
proposed for use on a particular job to prevent excessive
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- expansion due to alkali-silica reaction, by testing in the
quantity and in combination with the cement or cements to be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. used on the job.
4.3 This test method does not assess the suitability of
2. Referenced Documents
pozzolans or slag for use in concrete. These materials should
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: comply with Specification C618, Specification C989 or Speci-
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag- fication C1240.
gregates
5. Apparatus
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
5.1 The apparatus shall be as described in Test Method
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method) C227.
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
6. Materials
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
3
6.1 Borosilicate Glass —Borosilicate glass granules
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete
graded according to Table 1 or crushed Pyrex Glass No. 7740
and Mortars
cullet or solid glass rod crushed and graded according to Table
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious
1. After the glass cullet or rod has been crushed and separated
Mixtures
into the various sieve sizes, wash with a water spray over the
C1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
sieve to remove adhering dust and fine particles from the
aggregate. Dry the portions retained on the various sieves and,
unless used immediately, store each such portion individually
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
in a clean container provided with a tight-fitting cover.
Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.26 on Chemical Reactions .
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
3
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C441–02a. DOI: The sole source of supply of borosilicate glass granules in the specific sizes
10.1520/C0441-05. called for in this test method known to the committee at this time is Enviroglass
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or International, Caldwell, ID, http://www.enviroglass.net/. If you are aware of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
1
the ASTM website. responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C441–05
TABLE 1 Grading Requirements
9. Test Specimen
Sieve Size
9.1 Preparation of Molds—Prepare the molds as specified
Mass, %
Passing Retained on
in Test Method C227.
4.75-mm (No. 4) 2.36-mm (No. 8) 10 9.2 Mixing of Mortar—Mix the mortar as specified in Test
2.36-mm (No. 8) 1.18-mm (No. 16) 25
Method C227, except add the admixture or slag with the
1.18-mm (No. 16) 600-µm
...

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4.1 Alkali-silica reaction is a chemical interaction between some siliceous constituents of concrete aggregates and hydroxyl ions (1).5 The concentration of hydroxyl ion within the concrete is predominantly controlled by the concentration of sodium and potassium (2).  
4.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the potential of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag to expand deleteriously due to any form of alkali-silica reactivity (3, 4).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the susceptibility of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag for participation in expansive alkali-silica reaction by measurement of length change of concrete prisms.  
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Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the approximate determination of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides for using an unbonded capping system in testing hardened concrete cylinders made in accordance with Practices C31/C31M or C192/C192M, or cores obtained in accordance with Test Method C42/C42M in lieu of the capping systems described in Practice C617/C617M.  
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ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of strength of cylindrical concrete specimens that have been molded in place using special molds attached to formwork. A concrete cylinder mold assembly consisting of a mold and a tubular support member is fastened within the concrete formwork prior to placement of the concrete. The elevation of the mold upper edge is adjusted to correspond to the plane of the finished slab surface. The mold support prevents direct contact of the slab concrete with the outside of the mold and permits its easy removal from the hardened concrete. Strength of cast-in-place cylinders may be used for various purposes, such as estimating the load-bearing capacity of slabs, determining the time of form and shore removal, and determining the effectiveness of curing and protection. Consolidation of concrete in the mold may be varied to simulate the conditions of placement. Internal vibration of concrete in the mold is prohibited except under special circumstances.
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4.1 Cast-in-place cylinder strength relates to the strength of concrete in the structure due to the similarity of curing conditions because the cylinder is cured within the slab. However, due to differences in moisture condition, degree of consolidation, specimen size, and length-diameter ratio, there is not a unique relationship between the strength of cast-in-place cylinders and cores of the same age. When cores can be drilled undamaged and tested in the same moisture condition as the cast-in-place cylinders, the strength of the cylinders can be expected to be on average 10 % higher than the cores at ages up to 91 days for specimens of the same size and length-diameter ratio.4  
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5.1 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the pervious concrete, thereby identifying the need for remediation.  
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice describes procedures for providing plane surfaces on the ends of freshly molded concrete cylinders, hardened cylinders, or drilled concrete cores when the end surfaces do not conform with the planeness and perpendicularity requirements of applicable standards. Practice C1231/C1231M describes alternative procedures using unbonded caps or pad caps.
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1.1 This practice covers apparatus, materials, and procedures for capping freshly molded concrete cylinders with neat cement and hardened cylinders and drilled concrete cores with high-strength gypsum paste or sulfur mortar.  
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Passing Ability of Self-Consolidating Concrete by J-Ring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure to determine the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete. This test method is applicable for laboratory use in comparing the passing ability of different concrete mixtures. It is also applicable in the field as a quality control test.  
5.2 The difference between the slump flow and J-Ring flow is an indication of the passing ability of the concrete. A difference less than 25 mm [1 in.] indicates good passing ability and a difference greater than 50 mm [2 in.] indicates poor passing ability. The orientation of the mold for the J-Ring test and for the slump flow test without the J-Ring shall be the same.  
5.3 This test method is limited to self-consolidating concrete with nominal maximum size of aggregate of up to 25 mm [1 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) by using the J-Ring in combination with a mold.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
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ASTM C173/C173M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C138/C138M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off