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ASTM C441-02a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction

Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effectiveness of pozzolans or slag in preventing the excessive expansion caused by reaction between aggregates and alkalies in portland cement mixtures. The evaluation is based on the expansion developed in mortar bars by a combination of portland cement and a pozzolan or slag, made with reactive aggregates (Pyrex glass), during storage under prescribed conditions of test.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2002
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C441-05 - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
Effective Date
01-May-2005

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ASTM C441-02a - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica ReactionASTM C441-02a - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
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ASTM C441-02a - Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C 441–02a
Standard Test Method for
Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in
Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the
1
Alkali-Silica Reaction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ε) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effec- 4.1 This test method may be used as a preliminary or
tiveness of pozzolans or slag in preventing the excessive screening test to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a number
expansion caused by reaction between aggregates and alkalies of different materials being considered for use to prevent
in portland cement mixtures. The evaluation is based on the excessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction.
expansion developed in mortar bars by a combination of 4.2 This test method may also be used to evaluate materials
portland cement and a pozzolan or slag, made with reactive proposed for use on a particular job to prevent excessive
aggregates (Pyrex glass), during storage under prescribed expansion due to alkali-silica reaction, by testing in the
conditions of test. quantity and in combination with the cement or cements to be
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the used on the job.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.3 This test method does not assess the suitability of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- pozzolans or slag for use in concrete. These materials should
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- comply with Specification C 618, Specification C 989 or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specification C 1240.
2. Referenced Documents 5. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.1 The apparatus shall be as described in Test Method
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete C 227.
2
Aggregates
3 6. Materials
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
4
6.1 Pyrex Glass —Crushed Pyrex Glass No. 7740 cullet or
C 227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
2
Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method) solid glass rod crushed and graded according to Table 1. After
the Pyrex glass has been separated into the various sieve sizes,
C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
2
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete washwithawatersprayoverthesievetoremoveadheringdust
and fine particles from the aggregate. Dry the portions retained
C 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace
2
Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars on the various sieves and, unless used immediately, store each
such portion individually in a clean container provided with a
C 1240 Specification for Use of Silica Fume as a Mineral
Admixture in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, Mortar, and tight-fitting cover.
2
6.2 High-Alkali Cement—Forthepreparationofmortarbars
Grout
3
C 1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar for the preliminary or screening tests, use a blend of cement or
cements that conform to Specification C 150 and contain
3. Terminology
between0.95and1.05 %totalalkaliesassodiumoxide(Na O)
2
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test calculated as % Na O + 0.658 3 % potassium oxide (K O). If
2 2
method, refer to Terminology C 125. blending is needed, introduce the individual cements into the
batch separately.
7. Proportioning and Consistency of Mortar
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
7.1 Control Mixture—Thequantitiesofdrymaterialsforthe
Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.26on Chemical Reactions . control mixture shall be 400 g of high-alkali cement and 900 g
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originallyap-
proved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 441–02.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Pyrex Brand Glass No. 7740 is available as lump cullet from the Corning Glass
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. Works, Corning, NY.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 441–02a
TABLE 1 Grading Requirements
mm from each batch of each mortar mixture. One set of three
Sieve Size specimens shall represent each test mixture or each job
Mass, %
mixture. On the same day that the test specimens are made,
Passing Retained on
make one set of three specimens representing the control
4.75-mm (No. 4) 2.36-mm (No. 8) 10
2.36-mm (No. 8) 1.18-mm (No. 16)
...

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4.1 Alkali-silica reaction is a chemical interaction between some siliceous constituents of concrete aggregates and hydroxyl ions (1).5 The concentration of hydroxyl ion within the concrete is predominantly controlled by the concentration of sodium and potassium (2).  
4.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the potential of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag to expand deleteriously due to any form of alkali-silica reactivity (3, 4).  
4.3 If testing an aggregate with pozzolan or slag, the results are used to establish minimum amounts of the specific pozzolan or slag needed to prevent deleterious expansion. Pozzolan or slag from a specific source can be tested individually or in combination with pozzolan or slag from other sources.  
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4.6 Results of tests conducted on an aggregate as described herein should form a part of the basis for a decision as ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the susceptibility of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag for participation in expansive alkali-silica reaction by measurement of length change of concrete prisms.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
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3.1 This practice describes procedures for providing plane surfaces on the ends of freshly molded concrete cylinders, hardened cylinders, or drilled concrete cores when the end surfaces do not conform with the planeness and perpendicularity requirements of applicable standards. Practice C1231/C1231M describes alternative procedures using unbonded caps or pad caps.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers apparatus, materials, and procedures for capping freshly molded concrete cylinders with neat cement and hardened cylinders and drilled concrete cores with high-strength gypsum paste or sulfur mortar.  
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This test method covers the determination of strength of cylindrical concrete specimens that have been molded in place using special molds attached to formwork. A concrete cylinder mold assembly consisting of a mold and a tubular support member is fastened within the concrete formwork prior to placement of the concrete. The elevation of the mold upper edge is adjusted to correspond to the plane of the finished slab surface. The mold support prevents direct contact of the slab concrete with the outside of the mold and permits its easy removal from the hardened concrete. Strength of cast-in-place cylinders may be used for various purposes, such as estimating the load-bearing capacity of slabs, determining the time of form and shore removal, and determining the effectiveness of curing and protection. Consolidation of concrete in the mold may be varied to simulate the conditions of placement. Internal vibration of concrete in the mold is prohibited except under special circumstances.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the pervious concrete, thereby identifying the need for remediation.  
5.2 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted. To determine the infiltration rate of the entire pervious pavement multiple locations must be tested and the results averaged.  
5.3 The field infiltration rate is typically established by the design engineer of record and is a function of the design precipitation event.  
5.4 This test method does not measure the influence on in-place infiltration rate due to sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab. Visual inspection of concrete cores is the best approach for determining sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field water infiltration rate of in place pervious concrete.
Note 1: For permeable unit pavement systems, Test Method C1781/C1781M should be used. Test Method C1781/C1781M is functionally identical to this test method but includes added provisions for positioning and securing the test ring to a discontinuous surface. Both tests methods give comparable results  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.  
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