ASTM C693-93(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density of Glass by Buoyancy
Standard Test Method for Density of Glass by Buoyancy
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Density as a fundamental property of glass has basic significance. It is useful in the physical description of the glass and as essential data for research, development, engineering, and production.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of glasses at or near 25°C, by buoyancy.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C693 − 93(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Density of Glass by Buoyancy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5.3 Thermometers, calibrated (20 to 30°C), sensitive to
0.1°C for determining air and water temperatures.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density
of glasses at or near 25°C, by buoyancy.
5.4 Nickel-Chromium-Iron or Platinum-Alloy Wire, less
than 0.2-mm diameter for suspending the specimen either in a
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
basket or a loop made of the same wire. The suspension wire
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
shall be cleaned by degreasing or heating in a vacuum. An
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
acceptable alternative method of cleaning the platinum-alloy
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
wire is to heat in an oxidizing gas flame until there is no longer
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
any color emitted from the gases passing around the wire.
2. Referenced Documents
5.5 Weights, with accuracy of 0.1 mg.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.6 Barometer, with sensitivity of 1-mm Hg (optional, see
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
Note 3).
of Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Withdrawn 1996)
6. Reagent
3. Terminology
6.1 Distilled Water, fresh, boiled, and used within 24 h,
3.1 Definitions:
allowed to stabilize at balance air temperature for at least 2 h
3.1.1 density of solids—the mass of a unit volume of a
in the beaker.
material at a specified temperature. The units shall be stated as
grams per cubic centimetre (see Terminology E12).
7. Test Specimen
4. Significance and Use
7.1 Specimens weighing about 20 g, with a minimum of
seeds or other inclusions (Note 1), shall be taken or cut from
4.1 Density as a fundamental property of glass has basic
the sample object, preferably in cylindrical or rectangular bar
significance. It is useful in the physical description of the glass
form with smooth, slightly rounded surfaces having no cracks
and as essential data for research, development, engineering,
or sharp edges.
and production.
NOTE 1—For a specimen of 20 g with a density of approximately 2.5
5. Apparatus
g/cm , a gaseous void of diameter 2 mm will cause an error in measured
density of 0.05 %.
5.1 Analytical Balance, with sensitivity and accuracy of 0.1
mg. 7.2 The specimens shall be cleaned, handling them with
tweezers throughout subsequent operations, by immersion
5.2 Beaker, of convenient capacity (250 to 750 cm)tofit
preferably in an ultrasonic bath of hot nitric acid, chromic-
inside the balance chamber and allow immersion of the basket
sulfuric acid, or organic degreasing solvent, followed by a
or wire loop specimen holder in distilled water.
rinsing in alcohol and distilled water. For samples only soiled
by ordinary handling or exposure, adequate cleaning may be
obtained using a warm 2 % volume MICRO-brand detergent,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
followed by a deionized or distilled water rinse.
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.04 on
Physical and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C693 – 93 (2003).
DOI: 10.1520/C0693-93R08. Bowman,H.A.,andSchoonover,R.M.,“ProcedureforHighPrecisionDensity
Withdrawn. The last approved historical version of this standard is referenced Determinations by HydrostaticWeighing.” Journal of Research, National Bureau of
on www.astm.org Standards, Vol 71C, No. 3, July–August 1967, pp. 179–198.
3 5
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Manufactured by International Products Corporation, PO Box 70, Burlington,
www.astm.org. NJ 08016.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C693 − 93 (2008)
TABLE 1 Density of Dry Air, g/cm
Pressure, mm Hg
Temperature,
°C
720 730 740 750 760 770
20 0.001 141 0.001 157 0.001 173 0.001 189 0.001 205 0.001 221
21 137 153 169 185 201 216
22 134 149 165 181 197 212
23 130 145 161 177 193 208
24 126 142 157 173 189 204
25 122 138 153 169 185 200
26 118 134 149 165 181 196
27 115 130 146 161 177 192
28 111 126 142 157 173 188
29 107 123 138 153 169 184
30 104 119 134 150 165 180
8. Procedure 9. Calculation
8.1 Hold the specimens and covered beaker of boiled
9.1 Calculate the weight of the specimen in water, W ,as
W
distilled water near the laboratory balance until the water has
follows:
cooled to ambient temperature before weighing.
W 5 W 2 W (1)
W T O
8.2 Read the laboratory air temperature to the nearest 1°C.
9.2 Calculate the glass density, ρ, at the average air-water
Read the barometric pressure to the nearest 1-mm Hg. A fixed
laboratory temperature, T , as follows:
L
laboratory average barometric pressure estimate is an accept-
W ρ 2 W ρ
~ !
able alternative to the barometric pressure measurement (see A
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C693–93 (Reapproved 2003) Designation:C693–93 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Density of Glass by Buoyancy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of glasses at or near 25°C, by buoyancy.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish apppropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
3. Terminology
3.1 Definition:
3.1.1 density of solids—the mass of a unit volume of a material at a specified temperature. The units shall be stated as grams
per cubic centimetre (see Terminology E 12).
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Density as a fundamental property of glass has basic significance. It is useful in the physical description of the glass and
as essential data for research, development, engineering, and production.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Analytical Balance, with sensitivity and accuracy of 0.1 mg.
5.2 Beaker, of convenient capacity (250 to 750 cm ) to fit inside the balance chamber and allow immersion of the basket or wire
loop specimen holder in distilled water.
5.3 Thermometers, calibrated (20 to 30°C), sensitive to 0.1°C for determining air and water temperatures.
5.4 Nickel-Chromium-Iron or Platinum-Alloy Wire, less than 0.2-mm diameter for suspending the specimen either in a basket
or a loop made of the same wire. The suspension wire shall be cleaned by degreasing or heating in a vacuum. An acceptable
alternative method of cleaning the platinum-alloy wire is to heat in an oxidizing gas flame until there is no longer any color emitted
from the gases passing around the wire.
5.5 Weights, with accuracy of 0.1 mg.
5.6 Barometer, with sensitivity of 1-mm Hg (optional, see Note 3).
6. Reagent
6.1 Distilled Water, fresh, boiled, and used within 24 h, allowed to stabilize at balance air temperature for at least2hinthe
beaker.
7. Test Specimen
7.1 Specimensweighingabout20g,withaminimumofseedsorotherinclusions(Note1),shallbetakenorcutfromthesample
object, preferably in cylindrical or rectangular bar form with smooth, slightly rounded surfaces having no cracks or sharp edges.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.04 on Physical
and Mechanical Properties.
´1
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published July 1993. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 1988 as C693–84 (1988) .
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 693 – 93 (2003).
Discontinued—Replaced by E1547, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
Withdrawn. The last approved historical version of this standard is referenced on www.astm.org
Bowman, H. A., and Schoonover, R. M., “Procedure for High Precision Density Determinations by Hydrostatic Weighing.” Journal of Research, National Bureau of
Standards, Vol 71C, No. 3, July–August 1967, pp. 179–198.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C693–93 (2008)
NOTE 1—For a specimen of 20 g with a density of approximately 2.5 g/cm , a gaseous void of diameter 2 mm will cause an error in measured density
of 0.05 %.
7.2 The specimens shall be cleaned, handling them with tweezers throughout subsequent operations, by immersion preferably
in an ultrasonic bath of hot nitric acid, chromic-sulfuric acid, or organic degreasing solvent, followed by a rinsing in alcohol and
distilled water. For samples only soiled by ordinary handling or exposure, adequate cleaning may be obtained using a warm 2 %
volume MICRO-brand detergent, followed by a deionized or distilled water rinse.
8. Procedure
8.1 Hold the specimens and covered beaker of boiled distilled water near the laboratory balance until the water has cooled to
ambient temperature before weighing.
8.2 Read the laboratory air temperature to the nearest 1°C. Read the barometric pressure to the nearest 1-mm Hg. A fixed
laboratory average barometric pressure estimate is an acceptable alternative to the barometric pressure measurement (see Note 3).
Determine the density, r , of the air from Table 1.
A
8.3 Weigh the glass specimen in air to the nearest 0.1 mg and record as W .
A
8.4 Place the beaker of water with immersed thermometer on a platform supporting it over the balance pan so that the pan or
balance arm is free to swing.
8.5 Place the specimen in the basket or loop holder and hang this holder from the balance arm by means of a suitable hook and
the suspension wire. Immerse the basket and specimen by raising the beaker
...
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