ASTM D6982-09
(Practice)Standard Practice for Detecting Hot Spots Using Point-Net (Grid) Search Patterns
Standard Practice for Detecting Hot Spots Using Point-Net (Grid) Search Patterns
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Search sampling strategies have found wide utility in geologic exploration where drilling is required to detect subsurface mineral deposit, such as when drilling for oil and gas. Using such strategies to search for buried wastes and subsurface contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, is a logical extension of these strategies.
Systematic sampling strategies are often the most cost-effective method for searching for hot spots.
This practice may be used to determine the risk of missing a hot spot of specified size and shape given a specified sampling pattern and sampling density.
This practice may be used to determine the smallest hot spot that can be detected with a specified probability and given sampling density.
This practice may be used to select the optimum grid sampling strategy (that is, sampling pattern and density) for a specified risk of not detecting a hot spot.
By using the algorithms given in this practice, one can balance the cost of sampling versus the risk of missing a hot spot.
Search sampling patterns may also be used to optimize the locations of additional ground water monitoring wells or vadose zone monitoring devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) using point-net (that is, grid) search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Hot spots may include former surface impoundments and waste disposal pits, as well as contaminant plumes in ground water or the vadose zone.
1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried contaminants are presumed to be elliptically shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assumptions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot boundaries are usually not clear and distinct.
1.3 In general, this practice should not be used in lieu of surface geophysical methods for detecting buried objects, including underground utilities, where such buried objects can be detected by these methods (see Guide D6429).
1.4 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous waste management facilities (see Guide D5730). Sampling may be conducted by drilling or by direct-push methods. In contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide D6311.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6982 − 09
StandardPractice for
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Detecting Hot Spots Using Point-Net (Grid) Search Patterns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6982; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 Thispracticeprovidesequationsandnomographs,anda 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5730Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental
reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities
of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone
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and Groundwater (Withdrawn 2013)
groundwater contamination) using point-net (that is, grid)
searchpatterns.Hotspots,moregenerallyreferredtoastargets, D6051Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Hot spots
may include former surface impoundments and waste disposal D6311Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related
toWaste ManagementActivities: Selection and Optimiza-
pits, as well as contaminant plumes in ground water or the
vadose zone. tion of Sampling Design
D6429Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods
1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot
spots or buried contaminants are presumed to be elliptically
3. Terminology
shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and
3.1 Definitions:
search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assump-
tions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the 3.1.1 hot spot—a localized area of soil or groundwater
contamination.
primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by
historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot 3.1.1.1 Discussion—A hot spot may be considered as a
boundaries are usually not clear and distinct. discretevolumeofburiedwasteorcontaminatedsoilwherethe
concentration of a contaminant of interest exceeds some
1.3 In general, this practice should not be used in lieu of
prespecified threshold value. Although hot spots are more
surface geophysical methods for detecting buried objects,
likely to have variable sizes and shapes and not have clear and
including underground utilities, where such buried objects can
distinct boundaries, ellipitically shaped hot spots or targets
be detected by these methods (see Guide D6429).
with well defined edges are assumed for the purposes of
1.4 Search sampling would normally be conducted during
calculating detection probabilities. The assumption that hot
preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazard-
spots have elliptical shapes is not inconsistent with known
ous waste management facilities (see Guide D5730). Sampling
historical patterns of contaminant distribution.
may be conducted by drilling or by direct-push methods. In
3.1.2 sampling density—the number of soil borings (that is,
contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making
sampling points) per unit area.
statistical inferences about population characteristics (for
3.1.3 semi-major axis, a—one-half the length of the long
example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide
axis of an ellipse. For a circle, this distance is simply the
D6311.
radius.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 semi-minor axis, b—one-half the length of the short
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
axis of an ellipse.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.5 target—the object or “hot spot” that is being searched
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. for.
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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
Planning for Sampling. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6982–03. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D6982-09. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D6982 − 09
3.1.6 threshold concentration—the concentration of a con-
taminant above which a hot spot is
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6982–03 Designation:D6982–09
Standard Practice for
Detecting Hot Spots and Buried Objects Using Point-Net
1
(Grid) Search Patterns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6982; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of
detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) and buried objects using point-net (that is, grid)
search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Buried
objectsHot spots may include former surface impoundments, and waste disposal pits, and utilities that have been covered by soil
or paving materials. Hot spots may also include as well as contaminant plumes in ground water or soil gas. the vadose zone.
1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried objectscontaminants are presumed to be elliptically
shapedwhenprojectedverticallytothegroundsurface,andsearchpatternsaresquare,rectangular,orrhombic.Assumptionsabout
thesizeandshapeofsuspectedhotspotsaretheprimarylimitationsofthispractice,andmustbejudgedbyhistoricalinformation.
Afurther limitation is that hot spot boundaries are assumed to be usually not clear and distinct.Alternative approaches to hot spot
detection using discrete sampling should also be considered where feasible,
1.3 In general, this practice should not be used in lieu of surface geophysical methods for detecting buried objects, including
undergroundutilities,wheresuchassurfacegeophysicalmeasurementsburiedobjectscanbedetectedbythesemethods(seeGuide
D6429).
1.34 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous
wastemanagementfacilities(seeGuideD5730).Samplingmaybeconductedviabydrillingorbydirect-pushmethods.Incontrast,
guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant
concentrations) can be found in Guide D6311.
1.4
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5730 GuideforSiteCharacterizationforEnvironmentalPurposesWithEmphasisonSoil,Rock,theVadoseZoneandGround
Water
D6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
D6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimization of
Sampling Design
D6429 Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 hot spot—a localized area of soil or groundwater contamination.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—A hot spot may be considered as a discrete volume of buried waste or contaminated soil where the
concentration of a contaminant of interest exceeds some prespecified threshold value. Although elliptically shaped hot spots or
targets are assumed for the purposes of calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots, hot spots are more likely to have variable
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Planning for
Sampling.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published January 2004. DOI: 10.1520/D6982-03.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6982–03. DOI:
10.1520/D6982-09.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6982–09
sizes and shapes and not have clear and distinct boundaries. However, the concept of hot spots is consistent with known historical
patterns of
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