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ASTM D7873-22a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions.  
5.2 Significant formation of oil insolubles or metal corrosion products, or both, during this test may indicate that the oil will form insolubles or corrode metals, or both, resulting in varnish formation during field service. The level of varnish formation in service will be dependent on many factors (turbine design, reservoir temperature, duty-cycle, for example. peaking, cycling, or base-load duty, maintenance, and so forth) and a direct correlation between results in this test and field varnish formation are yet to be established.  
5.3 Oxidation condition at 120 °C under accelerated oxidation environment of Test Method D4310 and measurement of sludge and RPVOT value could reflect a practical oil quality in actual turbine operations. Results from this test should be used together with other key lubricant performance indicators (including other established oxidation and corrosion tests) to indicate suitability for service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the oxidation process in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst (copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method may be used to evaluate industrial oils (for example, circulating oils and so forth).  
1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the same kinds of oils are determined after 1000 h at 95 °C in the presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2022
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.09.0C - Oxidation of Turbine Oils
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7873-22a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)ASTM D7873-22a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
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ASTM D7873-22a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
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REDLINE ASTM D7873-22a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)REDLINE ASTM D7873-22a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
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REDLINE ASTM D7873-22a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7873 − 22a
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles
Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the
1
Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7873; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
oxidation process in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst
(copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method
2. Referenced Documents
may be used to evaluate industrial oils (for example, circulat-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing oils and so forth).
A510M Specification for General Requirements for Wire
1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method
Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel (Metric)
D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the 3
(Withdrawn 2011)
same kinds of oils are determined after 1000 h at 95 °C in the
B1 Specification for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire
presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification.
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Mineral Oils
standard. D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the D2272 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Steam Tur-
figures are provided for information only for those using old bine Oils by Rotating Pressure Vessel
equipment based on non-SI units. D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Fuels, and Lubricants
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D4310 Test Method for Determination of Sludging and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
E230/E230M Specification for Temperature-Electromotive
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
2.2 Other Standards:
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
4
Specification for IP Standard Thermometers
Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
ISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory Use—
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
5
Specification and Test Methods
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
3. Terminology
by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
3.1 Definitions:
in their location.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of www.astm.org.
4
Subcommittee D02.09.0C on Oxidation of Turbine Oils. Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
5
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D7873 – 22. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D7873-22A. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

----------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7873 − 22 D7873 − 22a
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Oxidation Stability and Insolubles
Formation of Inhibited Turbine Oils at 120 °C Without the
1
Inclusion of Water (Dry TOST Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7873; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the oxidation process
in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst (copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method may be used to evaluate
industrial oils (for example, circulating oils and so forth).
1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the same kinds of
oils are determined after 1000 h at 95 °C in the presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment
based on non-SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national
law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.09.0C on Oxidation of Turbine Oils.
Current edition approved July 1, 2022Nov. 1, 2022. Published July 2022November 2022. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 20202022 as
D7873 – 20.D7873 – 22. DOI: 10.1520/D7873-22.10.1520/D7873-22A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7873 − 22a
A510M Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel (Metric) (Withdrawn
3
2011)
B1 Specification for Hard-Drawn Copper Wire
D943 Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2272 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Steam Turbine Oils by Rotating Pressure Vessel
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4310 Test Method for Determination of Sludging and Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E230/E230M Specification for Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
2.2 Other Standards:
4
Specification for IP Standard Thermometers
5
ISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory Use—Specification and Test Methods
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 See Terminology D4175 for a list of terms relating to petroleum products, liquid fuels, and
...

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ASTM D4175-23(Terminology)
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SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 New and used petroleum products can contain basic or acidic constituents that are present as additives or as degradation products formed during service, such as oxidation products. The relative amount of these materials can be determined by titrating with acids or bases. This number, whether expressed as acid number or base number, is a measure of this amount of acidic or basic substances, respectively, in the oil—always under the conditions of the test. This number is used as a guide in the quality control of lubricating oil formulations. It is also sometimes used as a measure of lubricant degradation in service; however, any condemning limits must be empirically established.  
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Representative samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical and physical properties, which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and compliance with commercial terms and regulatory requirements. This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. This practice does not address how to sample crude at temperatures below the freezing point of water.
PART I—General
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SCOPE
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Section  
INTRODUCTION  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
PART I–GENERAL  
Representative Sampling Components  
5  
Design Criteria  
6  
Automatic Sampling Systems  
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Sampling Location  
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9  
Proportionality  
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Sample Extractor Grab Volume  
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Containers  
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Sample Handling and Mixing  
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Control Systems  
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Sample System Security  
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System Proving (Performance Acceptance Tests)  
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Performance Monitoring  
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PART II–CRUDE OIL  
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PART III–REFINED PRODUCTS  
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KEYWORDS  
Keywords  
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ANNEXES  
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Annex A1  
Theoretical Calculations for Selecting the Sampler Probe Location  
Annex A2  
Portable Sampling Units  
Annex A3  
Profile Performance Test  
Annex A4  
Sampler Acceptance Test Data  
Annex A5  
APPENDIXES  
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Appendix X1  
Comparisons of Percent Sediment and Water versus Unloading Time Period  
Appendix X2  
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Appendix X3  
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Appendix X4  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Samples of petroleum and petroleum products are obtained for many reasons, including the determination of chemical and physical properties. These properties may be used for: calculating standard volumes; establishing product value; and often safety and regulatory reporting.  
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SCOPE
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5.1 This is the first ASTM standard covering the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in petroleum products and lubricants.  
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the instrumental determination of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in laboratory samples of petroleum products and lubricants. Values obtained represent the total carbon, the total hydrogen, and the total nitrogen.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to samples such as crude oils, fuel oils, additives, and residues for carbon and hydrogen and nitrogen analysis. These test methods were tested in the concentration range of at least 75 % to 87 % by mass for carbon, at least 9 % to 16 % by mass for hydrogen, and  
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1.5 The results of these tests can be expressed as mass % carbon, hydrogen or nitrogen.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6304-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the water content is important in the manufacturing, purchase, sale, or transfer of petroleum products to help in predicting their quality and performance characteristics.  
5.2 The presence of moisture could lead to premature corrosion and wear, an increase in the debris load resulting in diminished lubrication and premature plugging of filters, an impedance in the effect of additives, and undesirable support of deleterious bacterial growth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the direct determination of entrained water in petroleum products and hydrocarbons using automated instrumentation. This test method also covers the indirect analysis of water thermally removed from samples and swept with dry inert gas into the Karl Fischer titration cell. Mercaptan, sulfide (S– or H2S), sulfur, and other compounds are known to interfere with this test method (see Section 6). The precision statement of this method covers the nominal range of 20 mg/kg to 25 000 mg/kg for Procedure A, 30 mg/kg to 2100 mg/kg for Procedure B, and 20 mg/kg to 360 mg/kg for Procedure C.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with commercially available coulometric Karl Fischer reagents and for the determination of water in additives, lube oils, base oils, automatic transmission fluids, hydrocarbon solvents, and other petroleum products. By proper choice of the sample size, this test method may be used for the determination of water from mg/kg to percent level concentrations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7260-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Optimization, Calibration, and Validation of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for Elemental Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Accurate elemental analysis of petroleum products and lubricants is necessary for the determination of chemical properties, which are used to establish compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.  
4.2 Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry is one of the more widely used analytical techniques in the oil industry for multi-element analysis as evident from at least twelve standard test methods (for example, Test Methods C1111, D1976, D4951, D5184, D5185, D5600, D5708, D6130, D6349, D6357, D7040, D7111, D7303, and D7691) published for the analysis of fossil fuels and related materials. These have been briefly summarized by Nadkarni (1).5  
4.2.1 Determination of mercury and trace metals in crude oils using atomic spectroscopic methods is discussed in Guide D8056.  
4.3 The advantages of using an ICP-AES analysis include high sensitivity for many elements of interest in the oil industry, relative freedom from interferences, linear calibration over a wide dynamic concentration range, single or multi-element capability, and ability to calibrate the instrument based on elemental standards irrespective of their elemental chemical forms, within limits described below such as solubility and volatility assuming direct liquid aspiration. Thus, the technique has become a method of choice in most of the oil industry laboratories for metal analyses of petroleum products and lubricants.  
4.4 In addition to the ICP-AES standards listed in 2.2, a new ICP-MS standard, Test Method D8110, has been issued for analysis of distillate products for multi-element determination of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, and K.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers information on the calibration and operational guidance for the multi-element measurements using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8149-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Optimization, Calibration, and Validation of Ion Chromatographic Determination of Heteroatoms and Anions in Petroleum Products and Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Accurate elemental analysis of petroleum products and lubricants is necessary for the determination of chemical properties, which are used to establish compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.  
7.2 Ion chromatography is often used in cases where anion content of the material is desired. Some of the hetero-atoms can be converted by combustion in an oxygen atmosphere followed by aqueous dissolution to convert them into anions before ion chromatographic determination. A number of ion chromatographic ASTM standards issued are listed in Section 2. Of these, the D02, D05, and D16 Committee standards which use ion chromatography are listed in Table 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the information on calibration, quality control, and operational guidance for anionic measurements using ion chromatography (IC).  
1.2 IC Related Standards—Chemically or electrolytically regenerated suppressed ion chromatography standards for aqueous matrices include Test Methods D2988, D4327, D5085, D5542, D5827, D5987, D5996, D6581, D7319, D7328, D7359, D7773, D7994, and D8150; IC instrumentation requirements are described in Practices E1151, and E1511.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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