ASTM E831-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used, for example, for design purposes and to determine if failure by thermal stress may occur when a solid body composed of two different materials is subjected to temperature variations.
This test method is comparable to Test Method D3386 for testing electrical insulation materials, but it covers a more general group of solid materials and it defines test conditions more specifically. This test method uses a smaller specimen and substantially different apparatus than Test Methods E228 and D696.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the apparent coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques.
1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.
1.3 The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 μm/(m·°C). The test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section 11).
1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from −120 to 900 °C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This test method is related to ISO 11359-2 but is significantly different in technical detail.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E831 − 12
StandardTest Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by
1
Thermomechanical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D696TestMethodforCoefficientofLinearThermalExpan-
sion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous
1.1 This test method determines the apparent coefficient of
Silica Dilatometer
linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermome-
D3386Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Ex-
chanical analysis techniques.
pansion of Electrical Insulating Materials (Withdrawn
3
1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that
2005)
exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such
E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
specimen.
E473Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
ology
1.3 The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear
thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 µm/ E1142Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1363Test Method forTemperature Calibration ofThermo-
(m·°C). The test method may be used at lower (or negative)
expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see mechanical Analyzers
E2113Test Method for Length Change Calibration of Ther-
Section 11).
momechanical Analyzers
1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range
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2.2 ISO Standards:
from −120 to 900 °C. The temperature range may be extended
depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials ISO 11359-2 Plastics—Thermomechanical Analysis
(TMA)—Part 2: Determination of Coefficient of Linear
used.
Thermal Expansion and Glass Transition Temperature
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions—Thermal analysis terms in Terminologies
1.6 This test method is related to ISO 11359-2 but is
E473 and E1142 shall apply to this test method including
significantly different in technical detail.
coefficient of linear thermal expansion, thermodilatometry and
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
thermomechanical analysis.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 mean coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion, (α )
m
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
—the change in length, relative to the specimen length at
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ambient temperature, accompanying a unit change in tempera-
ture identified by the midpoint temperature of the temperature
2. Referenced Documents
range of measurement
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method uses a thermomechanical analyzer or
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermal
similar device to determine the linear thermal expansion of
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on
solid materials when subjected to a constant heating rate.
Fundamental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2012. Published April 2012. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E831–06. DOI:
10.1520/E0831-12.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E831 − 12
4.2 The change of the specimen length is electronically 6.2 Cooling Capability, to sustain a subambient specimen
recorded as a function of temperature.The coefficient of linear temperature(ifsubambientmeasurementsaretobemade)orto
thermal expansion can be calculated from these recorded data. hasten cool down of the specimen from elevated temperatures.
6.3 Micrometer, or other length-measuring device with a
5. Significance and Use
range of up to 10 mm to determine specimen dimensions to
within 6 25 µm.
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E831–06 Designation:E831–12
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by
1
Thermomechanical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the apparent coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical
analysistechniques.RelatedinformationcanbefoundinRefs. (1, 2).Thistestmethoddeterminestheapparentcoefficientoflinear
thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques.
1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the
sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.
1.3 Therecommendedlowerlimitofcoefficientoflinearthermalexpansionmeasuredwiththistestmethodis5µm/(m·°C).The
test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section 11).
1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from −120 to 900 °C. The temperature range may be extended
depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.
1.5Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.
NOTE1—Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the
user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
1.6The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7This test method is related to ISO 11359-2
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This test method is related to ISO 11359-2 but is significantly different in technical detail.
1.8
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C with a Vitreous Silica
Dilatometer
D3386 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Materials
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1363 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers
E2113 Test Method for Length Change Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers
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2.2 ISO Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E37 onThermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on Fundamental,
Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved March 15, 2006.1, 2012. PublishedApril 2006.2012. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20052006 as E831–056.
DOI: 10.1520/E0831-06.10.1520/E0831-12.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E831–12
ISO 11359-2 Plastics—Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)—Part 2: Determination of Coefficient of Li
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