ASTM C1055-03
(Guide)Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions That Produce Contact Burn Injuries
Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions That Produce Contact Burn Injuries
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
1.4 For design purposes, the probable contact time for industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by Wu (1) and others to reflect the slower reaction times for children, the elderly, or the infirm.
1.5 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside considerations), this guide may be used to establish a second, less desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some permanent tissue damage can be permitted. At no time, however, are conditions that produce third degree burns recommended.
1.6 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact.
1.7 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at the end of this guide (1-16).
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1055–03
Standard Guide for
Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact
1
Burn Injuries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of
limitations prior to its use.
acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems.
The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented
2. Referenced Documents
for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
C 680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical,
1.3 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular
and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable
C 1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tem-
contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of
perature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical
injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
Model and Thermesthesiometer
1.4 For design purposes, the probable contact time for
industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer
3. Terminology
products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by
2 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Wu (1) and others to reflect the slower reaction times for
3.1.1 skin:
children, the elderly, or the infirm.
3.1.2 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This
1.5 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that
layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the
causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of
skin layers. The thickness of this layer averages 0.08 mm.
injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage.
3.1.3 dermis—the second layer of skin tissue. This layer
For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by
contains the blood vessels and nerve endings. The thickness of
space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside con-
this layer averages 2 mm.
siderations), this guide may be used to establish a second, less
3.1.4 necrosis—localized death of living cells. A clinical
desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some
term that defines when permanent damage to a skin layer has
permanent tissue damage can be permitted. At no time,
occurred.
however, are conditions that produce third degree burns rec-
3.1.5 burns:
ommended.
3.1.6 first degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where
1.6 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature de-
the intensity or duration is insufficient to cause complete
termination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines
necrosis of the epidermis. The normal response to this level of
contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or
exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels (reddening
other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at
of the skin).
the location of contact.
3.1.7 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure
1.7 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
where the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause complete
surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of refer-
necrosis of the epidermis but no significant damage to the
ences at the end of this guide (1-16).
dermis. The normal response to this exposure is blistering of
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all the safety
the epidermis.
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
3.1.8 third degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where
significant dermal necrosis occurs. Significant dermal necrosis
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
3
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 1055–99. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this guide. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.