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ASTM D2395-07ae1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The specific gravity of wood gives an excellent measure of the amount of wood substance present in a sample. Thus, it may serve as a valuable indicator of the amount of wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of the material, or the strength characteristics of a specimen or a species. It should be recognized that specific gravity varies between trees, within a tree, and between species. Since the specific gravity of wood substance is practically constant for all species (approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific gravity values are indicative of the amount of wood substance present. It affords a rapid and valuable method for selection of wood for specific uses.
It may be desirable to know the specific gravity of a living tree, a structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research element, or the earlywood or latewood layer. The specimen thus may be large or small, regular or irregular, and at a variety of moisture contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and provides for calculation of specific gravity values to degrees of accuracy generally needed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The method title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of use.
Section Test Method A—Volume by Measurement7 Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion8 Test Method C—Flotation Tube9 Test Method D—Forstner Bit10 Test Method E—Increment Core11 Test Method F—Chips12
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2007
ICS
79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
79.060.01 - Wood-based panels in general
Technical Committee
D07 - Wood
Drafting Committee
D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2395-07a - Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D2395-14 - Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2014
Referred By
ASTM D5764-23a - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Dowel-Bearing Strength of Wood and Wood-Based Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D9-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2126-19 - Standard Test Methods for Cyclic (Reversed) Load Test for Shear Resistance of Vertical Elements of the Lateral Force Resisting Systems for Buildings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7672-19 - Standard Specification for Evaluating Structural Capacities of Rim Board Products and Assemblies
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2719-19 - Standard Test Methods for Wood Structural Panels in Shear Through-the-Thickness
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6643-01(2023) - Standard Test Method for Testing Wood-Base Panel Corner Impact Resistance
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3499-19 - Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood Structural Panels
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D143-22 - Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3500-20 - Standard Test Methods for Wood Structural Panels in Tension
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D1037-12(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E72-22 - Standard Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7966/D7966M-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for Resistance to Creep of Adhesives in Static Shear by Compression Loading (Wood-to-Wood)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D2395 −07a
StandardTest Methods for
1
Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2395; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in October 2008.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Standards:
3
CAN/CSA O86 Engineering Design in Wood
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
ANSI/AF&PA NationalDesignSpecificationforWoodCon-
specificgravityofwoodandwood-basedmaterialstogenerally
4
struction
desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different
sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The method
3. Terminology
title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of
3.1 Definitions:
use.
3.1.1 green volume, n—the solid wood volume before any
Section
shrinkage occurs due to drying to moisture content below the
TestMethodA—VolumebyMeasurement 7
TestMethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion 8
fiber saturation point (about 30 %).
TestMethodC—FlotationTube 9
3.1.2 moisture content, n—the amount of water contained in
TestMethodD—ForstnerBit 10
TestMethodE—IncrementCore 11
wood,expressedasapercentageofthemassofoven-drywood.
TestMethodF—Chips 12
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In general, the amount of water in
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
wood can be expressed on two different bases: as a percentage
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ofthemassofoven-drywood,orapercentageofthetotalmass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of wood and water. To avoid misunderstandings, it must be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
clear which basis is being used. In the forest industry and the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
wood products industry, the moisture content is usually ex-
pressed as a percentage of the mass of oven-dry wood.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 specific gravity, n—the ratio of the oven-dry mass of a
2
specimen to the mass of a volume of water equal to the volume
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of the specimen at a specified moisture content.
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—As both the mass and volume of wood
ucts
vary with the amount of moisture contained in the wood,
D2555 PracticeforEstablishingClearWoodStrengthValues
specific gravity as applied to wood is an indefinite quantity
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
unless the conditions under which it is determined are clearly
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
specified. The specific gravity of wood is based on the
D4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and
oven-dry mass, but the volume may be that in the oven-dry,
Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
partially dry, or green condition. For further discussion, see
E1547 Terminology Relating to Industrial and Specialty
Appendix X2.
Chemicals
3.1.3.1 specificgravityatM %moisturecontent,n—specific
gravity based on oven-dry mass of wood and its volume at a
1 specified moisture content between the oven-dry condition and
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental the fiber saturation point (volume at 12 % moisture content is
Test Methods and Properties.
frequently used).
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved
in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2395 – 07. DOI: 10.1520/
D2395-07AE01.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http://www.csa.ca.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA), 1111 19th
the ASTM website. St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http://www.afandpa.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D2395−07a
3.1.3.2 specific gravity, basic, n—specific gravity based on 6.2 Measurements—The dimensions of test specimens shall
oven-dry mass of wood and its green volume. be measured to a precision of 60.3 % or less, and the mass
shall be determined to a precision of 60.2 % or less. Where
3.1.3.3 specific gravity, oven-dry
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D2395–07a Designation: D 2395 – 07a
Standard Test Methods for
1
Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2395; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in October 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired
degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The method title is indicative
of the procedures used or the specific area of use.
Section
MethodA—VolumebyMeasurement TestMethodA—VolumebyMeasurement
MethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion TestMethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion
MethodC—FlotationTube TestMethodC—FlotationTube
MethodD—ForstnerBit TestMethodD—ForstnerBit
MethodE—IncrementCore TestMethodE—IncrementCore
MethodF—Chips TestMethodF—Chips
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D 2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
D 4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
E 1547 Terminology Relating to Industrial and Specialty Chemicals
2.2 Other Standards:
3
CAN/CSA O86 Engineering Design in Wood
4
ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification for Wood Construction
3. Terminology
3.1
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 green volume, n—the solid wood volume before any shrinkage occurs due to drying to moisture content below the fiber
saturation point (about 30 %).
3.1.2 moisture content, n—in this standard, the—the amount of water contained in wood, expressed as a percentage of the mass
of oven-dry wood.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In general, the amount of water in wood can be expressed on two different bases: as a percentage of the
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD07onWoodandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD07.01onFundamentalTestMethods
and Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 2395 – 07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Additional information on this test method may be obtained from TAPPI 258 om-02, Basic Density and Moisture Content of Pulpwood. Available from TAPPI,15
Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092.
3
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way, Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http://www.csa.ca.
4
Simpson, W. T., “Specific Gravity, Moisture Content, and Density Relationship for Wood,” USDAForest Service, Forest Products Laboratory General Technical Report
FPL-GTR-76.
4
Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA), 1111 19th St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http://www.afandpa.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D 2395 – 07a
mass of oven-dry wood, or a percentage of the total mass of wood and water. To avoid misunderstandings, it must be clear which
basis is being used. In the forest industry and the wood products industry, the moisture content is usually expressed as a percentage
of the mass of oven-dry wood.
3.1.3 specific gravity, n—in this standard, the—the ratio of the oven-dry mass of a specimen to the mass of a volume of water
equal to the volume of the specimen at a specified moisture content.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—As both the mass and volume of wood vary with the amount of moisture contained in the wood, specific
gravity as applied to wood is an indefinite
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D2395–07a Designation: D 2395 – 07a
Standard Test Methods for
1
Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2395; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in October 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired
degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The method title is indicative
of the procedures used or the specific area of use.
Section
MethodA—VolumebyMeasurement TestMethodA—VolumebyMeasurement
MethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion TestMethodB—VolumebyWaterImmersion
MethodC—FlotationTube TestMethodC—FlotationTube
MethodD—ForstnerBit TestMethodD—ForstnerBit
MethodE—IncrementCore TestMethodE—IncrementCore
MethodF—Chips TestMethodF—Chips
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D 2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values
D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
D 4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
E 1547 Terminology Relating to Industrial and Specialty Chemicals
2.2 Other Standards:
3
CAN/CSA O86 Engineering Design in Wood
4
ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification for Wood Construction
3. Terminology
3.1
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 green volume, n—the solid wood volume before any shrinkage occurs due to drying to moisture content below the fiber
saturation point (about 30 %).
3.1.2 moisture content, n—in this standard, the—the amount of water contained in wood, expressed as a percentage of the mass
of oven-dry wood.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In general, the amount of water in wood can be expressed on two different bases: as a percentage of the
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD07onWoodandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD07.01onFundamentalTestMethods
and Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 2395 – 07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Additional information on this test method may be obtained from TAPPI 258 om-02, Basic Density and Moisture Content of Pulpwood. Available from TAPPI,15
Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092.
3
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way, Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http://www.csa.ca.
4
Simpson, W. T., “Specific Gravity, Moisture Content, and Density Relationship for Wood,” USDAForest Service, Forest Products Laboratory General Technical Report
FPL-GTR-76.
4
Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA), 1111 19th St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, http://www.afandpa.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D 2395 – 07a
mass of oven-dry wood, or a percentage of the total mass of wood and water. To avoid misunderstandings, it must be clear which
basis is being used. In the forest industry and the wood products industry, the moisture content is usually expressed as a percentage
of the mass of oven-dry wood.
3.1.3 specific gravity, n—in this standard, the—the ratio of the oven-dry mass of a specimen to the mass of a volume of water
equal to the volume of the specimen at a specified moisture content.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—As both the mass and volume of wood vary with the amount of moisture contained in the wood, specific
gravity as applied to wood is an indefinite
...

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Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Moisture content is one of the most important variables affecting the properties of wood and wood-based materials. The procedures in these test methods are structured to permit the full range of use from fundamental research to industrial processing. Method A is the reference (primary) standard for determining moisture content of wood and wood-based materials, which is designed for obtaining the most precise values of moisture content consistent with the needs of the user. It provides means of assessing variability contributed by the oven or specimen hygroscopicity, or both. In addition, criteria are described for defining the endpoint in oven-drying. Method B provides relatively simple procedures of measuring moisture content, but generally with a lower precision than Method A. Representativeness of the specimens to the full-size product, including knots, sapwood, and heartwood, needs to be considered. These methods are not recommended for use with treated wood products impregnated with creosote, petroleum, and their solutions where the volatile non-wood chemicals contained in the specimen introduce greater bias than desired in the results.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the moisture content (MC) of wood, veneer, and other wood-based materials, including those that contain adhesives and chemical additives. The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Method A—Primary Oven-Drying Method  
5  
Method B—Secondary Oven-Drying Method  
6  
1.2 The primary oven-drying method (Method A) is intended as the sole primary method. It is structured for purposes where the highest accuracy or degree of precision is needed (for example, research or calibration).  
1.3 The secondary oven-drying method (Method B) is intended for the purposes where the primary procedure (Method A) is not desired or justified. Test results in this method are generally less precise than in Method A.  
1.4 For materials that have been chemically treated or impregnated with creosote, petroleum, and their solutions such that the oven-drying procedures introduce greater bias than desired in the results, other methods, such as AWPA A6, are recommended.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4761-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber and Wood-Based Structural Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide procedures that are applicable under true field conditions, such as in a plant with specimens not at moisture equilibrium.  
4.2 The data established by these test methods can be used as follows:  
4.2.1 Develop strength and stiffness properties for the population represented by the material being tested (that is, individual grades, grade combinations, species, species groups, or any other defined, identifiable sample).  
4.2.2 Confirm the validity of strength and stiffness properties for the population represented by the material being tested.  
4.2.3 Investigate the effect of parameters that have the potential to influence the strength and stiffness properties of the material, such as moisture content, temperature, knot size and location, or slope of grain.  
4.3 The procedures chosen in accordance with these test methods shall be fully documented in the report to facilitate correlation with test results obtained through the use of traditional procedures, such as those set forth in Test Methods D198.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mechanical properties of stress-graded lumber and other wood-based structural materials.  
1.2 These test methods appear in the following order:    
Section  
Bending edge-wise  
6  
Bending flat-wise:  
Center-point loading  
7  
Third-point loading  
8  
Axial strength in tension  
9  
Axial strength in compression  
10  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E661-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Performance of Wood and Wood-Based Floor and Roof Sheathing Under Concentrated Static and Impact Loads

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures outlined will provide data that can be used to evaluate the structural performance, under concentrated loads, of roof and floor sheathing, separate from the effects of the framing, under simulated conditions representative of those in actual service.  
5.2 The procedures are intended to be applied to roof or floor sheathing materials installed directly to framing. They are not intended for the evaluation of the framed assembly as a whole.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the resistance to deflection and damage of floor and roof sheathing used in site-built construction subjected to concentrated static loads as well as impact loads from nonrigid blunt objects. It is applicable to wood and wood-based panels and boards, but is not intended to cover profiled metal decks, nor precast or cast-in-place slabs. Surface indentation is not evaluated separately from deflection.  
1.2 Three applications are covered: roof sheathing, subfloors, and single floors. Roof sheathing is tested in both a dry and a wet condition, while subfloors and single floors are both tested in a dry condition, as well as a condition of having dried out after being wet. These moisture conditions are those commonly experienced with site-built construction.  
Note 1: Where it is anticipated that sheathing will be subjected only to dry conditions during construction and use, or else to greater moisture exposure than is indicated in 7.3.2, the corresponding exposure conditions may be modified by agreement between the interested parties. For example, shop-built construction may be tested dry only, although the possibility of exposure to high humidity or leaks and flooding during use should be considered.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2395-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density and specific gravity are cornerstone terms that help define many useful properties of wood and wood-based materials. These terms designate concepts that have distinct definitions though they relate to the same characteristic (mass in a unit volume). Generally, in the US and Canada, density of wood is measured in terms of specific gravity, or relative density. In the wood-based composites industry and internationally the term density is often preferred.  
5.2 The basic density and basic specific gravity of wood are used in the forestry industry for calculating the oven-dry weight of wood fiber contained in a known wood volume of various wood species. Thus, it serves as an indicator of the amount of wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of the material or its shipping weight. This information is referenced in various resources, including Wood Handbook.5 Note that specific gravity varies within a tree, between trees, and between species. Since the specific gravity of wood cell wall substance is practically constant for all species (approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific gravity value is indicative of the amount of wood cell wall substance present. It affords a rapid and valuable test method for selection of wood for specific uses. In US and Canadian building codes, the oven-dry specific gravity is correlated to various strength characteristics of wood products (for example, compression perpendicular to grain, shear strength and fastener holding capacity).  
5.3 It is often desirable to know the density or specific gravity of a living tree, a structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research element, or the earlywood or latewood layer. Therefore, it is possible that specimens will be large or small, regular or irregular in shape, and at a variety of moisture contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and provides for calculation of density and specific gr...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the density and specific gravity (relative density) of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The test method title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of use.    
Section  
Test Method A—Volume by Measurement  
8  
Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion  
9  
Test Method C—Flotation Tube  
10  
Test Method D—Forstner Bit  
11  
Test Method E—Increment Core  
12  
Test Method F—Chips  
13  
Test Method G—Full-Size Members  
14  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1666-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base Panel Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two general classes of materials:  
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and  
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.  
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.  
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1166-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Methoxyl Groups in Wood and Related Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Most of the methoxyl in wood is attributable to the lignin. This test method is used extensively in the study of lignin.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of methoxyl groups in wood and related materials (1-7).2 The test method is applicable to milled wood or sawdust, or by suitable adjustment in size of the test specimen, to fractions isolated from wood and lignin.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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