ASTM E272-99
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related types of alloys.
1.2 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs that contain indications of discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates. These discontinuities are representative of those found in high-shrinkage, high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E 272 – 99
Standard Reference Radiographs for
High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy
Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Nickel Aluminum, Casting, Ship Propeller Application
2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and
Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and
degrees of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-
Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
base, nickel-copper, and related types of alloys.
1.2 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-
3. Terminology
nal radiographs that contain indications of discontinuities in
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates.
document, see Terminology E 1316.
These discontinuities are representative of those found in
narrow freezing range (formerly “high shinkage”), high-
4. Significance and Use
strength copper and nickel-copper alloys.
4.1 Reference radiographs for high-strength copper-base
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
and nickel-copper alloy castings are intended to be used as a
as the standard.
guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
differentiation both as to type and severity level. A standard
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
description of casting defects and corresponding radiographic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
indication types is available for reference in acceptance stan-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dards, specifications, and drawings. Purchasers and suppliers
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
may, by mutual agreement, select particular radiographs to
2. Referenced Documents serve as standards representing minimum acceptability. The
standards so established are identified by an alphabetic defect
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 type and severity level (or class) designation.
B 148 Specification for Aluminum-Bronze Sand Castings
2 4.2 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys that
B 369 Specification for Copper-Nickel Alloy Castings
may be used with these standards. It is intended that these
B 584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for
2 reference radiographs also apply to related government and
General Applications
3 commercial material specifications.
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
A
1 Alloys ASTM Specifications
E 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 ⁄2
-in. (51 to 114-mm)) Steel Castings
Aluminum Bronze B 148
E 192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings
Nickel-Aluminum Bronze B 148
Copper-Nickel B 369
for Aerospace Applications
Manganese Bronze B 584
E 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
A
Alloys Government Specification
(51 mm) in Thickness
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations Manganese-Nickel-Aluminum Bronze MIL-B-21230A—Alloy No. 2.
Nickel-Copper MIL-B-21230A—Alloy No. 2.
2.2 Military Specification:
A
MIL-B-21230A Bronze, Nickel Aluminum and Manganese-
See Section 2 for the complete title(s) of these specification(s).
NOTE 1—The reference radiographs consist of forty-five 5 by 7-in. (127
by 178-mm) radiograph reproductions (twenty made from 1-in. (25.4-mm)
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
plate castings with low-voltage X rays and twenty-five made from 3-in.
E-7 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1999. Published February 2000. Originally
published as E 272 – 65 T. Last previous edition E 272 – 97. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. Attn: NPODS.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0272.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E272–99
(76-mm) plate castings with 2-MV X rays or cobalt-60).
5.1.2.3 Linear Shrinkage—Usually a continuous structure
of connected lines, branches or network of variable length,
4.3 The discontinuity types and severity levels represented
width, and density.
by the reference radiographs are shown in Table 1, which also
5.1.3 Hot Tears—The similarly appearing “hot tear” and
indicates the code designation for each discontinuity type.
“linear shrinkage” have distinctive characteristics. The follow-
4.4 Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are
ing information is presented as a guide to interpreters to
illustrated. Other discontinuity types such as unfused inserts
minimize confusion in distinguishing hot tears from linear
are illustrated in applicable Reference Radiographs E 446,
shrinkage:
E 186, and E 192.
4.5 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
to the specific energy levels given in Note 1 or to the thickness
TABLE 2 Alloy Type Used to Produce Plate Castings for Original
limits given in Table 1. The document may be used, where
Radiographs
there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels
(Composition MIL-B-21230A (SHIPS)—Alloy No. 2)
or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable
Chemical Composition, %
and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser
Copper 71, min
and manufacturer.
Manganese 11 to 14
Nickel 1.5 to 3.0
Iron 2.0 to 4.0
5. Descriptions of Discontinuities
Aluminum 7.0 to 8.5
Silicon 0.10, max
5.1 The following paragraphs are provided to aid in the
Lead 0.03, max
identification and classification of discontinuities. They briefly
Others 0.50, max
describe the radiographic appearance of common types of
Mechanical Properties
discontinuities and indicate their probable cause.
Tensile strength, min, psi (MPa) 90 000 (620)
5.1.1 Gas Holes—Appear as round or elongated smooth-
Yield strength, min, psi (MPa) 40 000 (275)
edged dark spots which may occur either individually, in
Elongation in 2 in. or 51 mm, min, % 20.0
clusters, or distributed throughout the casting section. They are
generally caused by trapped air or mold gases.
NOTE 2—Discontinuities caused by evolved gases may occur as more
5.1.3.1 Hot tears usually occur singly; shrinkage will gen-
or less spherical voids, but may also occur as elongated “worm holes” or
erally be multiple.
cavities somewhat resembling certain types of shrinkage. It is recom-
mended that the“ worm hole” cavities be evaluated by the use of the 5.1.3.2 Hot tears propagate at or near the surface; shrinkage
feathery or spongy shrinkage category reference radiographs.
appears to propagate at or near the midsection.
5.1.3.3 Hot tears generally occur at hot spots or section
5.1.2 Shrinkage—Shrinkage is generally associated with
changes; linear strinkage frequently occurs at uniform sections
improper feeding and manifests itself in the following different
also.
indication forms:
5.1.3.4 Hot tears occur where temperature gradients are
5.1.2.1 Sponge Shrinkage—Found in heavier sections (gen-
high; shrinkage occurs where temperature gradients are low.
erally over 2 in. in thickness). It appears on the radiographs as
5.1.3.5 Hot tears occur transverse to the direction of greatest
a dark area or areas, lacy in texture, usually with a diffuse
stress.
outline.
5.1.3.6 Hot tears can only be counteracted by altering the
5.1.2.2 Feathery Shrinkage—Found in thinner sections (un-
stress pattern or thermal pattern; shrinkage can always be
der approximately 2 in.). It appears on radiographs as sponge
countered by sufficient feed metal.
but with a more feathery outline.
5.1.4 Nonmetallic Inclusions:
5.1.4.1 Sand—Irregularly, angularly shaped indications,
more dense than the background, caused by clumps of trapped
TABLE 1 Discontinuity Types and Severity Levels Illustrated by
the Reference Radiographs sand particles or pebbles.
A,B
5.1.4.2 Dross—A series of lines in a swirl pattern some-
Severity Levels or Classes
Discontinuity Type Code times combined with agglomerated irregular indications. Dross
Up to 2-in. 2 to 6-in.
Thickness Thickness is generally considered to represent oxidized metal.
Gas porosity A 1 through 5 1 through 5
Sand inclusions Ba 1 through 5 1 through 5
6. Description and Method of Preparation
Dross inclusions Bb 1 through 5 1 through 5
Shrinkage, linear Ca . 1 through 5
6.1 These reference radiographs were produced by the use
Shrinkage, feathery Cd 1 through
...
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