ASTM F1976-06
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Impact Attenuation Properties of Athletic Shoes Using an Impact Test
Standard Test Method for Impact Attenuation Properties of Athletic Shoes Using an Impact Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used by athletic footwear manufacturers and others, both as a tool for development of athletic shoe cushioning systems and as a test of the general cushioning characteristics of athletic footwear products. Adherence to the requirements and recommendations of this test method will provide results that can be compared between different laboratories.
Data obtained by these procedures are indicative of the shock-attenuating properties of athletic shoe cushioning systems under the specific conditions selected.
This test method is designed to provide data on the force versus displacement response of athletic footwear cushioning systems under essentially uniaxial compression conditions at load rates that are similar to those of heel and forefoot impacts during different athletic activities.
The peak or maximum values of force, pressure, displacement, and strain are dependent on the maximum energy applied to the specimen. These values are normalized to provide comparative results for a reference maximum energy applied to the specimen of 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) or 7 J (61.9 in.-lbf).
Shock-attenuating characteristics are strongly dependent on specimen size and prior history of force application. Therefore, results should be compared only for specimens of the same nominal shoe size and prior impact conditioning. There are no currently acceptable techniques for normalizing results for specimen thickness variations.
Note 2—Impact-attenuating scores determined by this test method, for athletic shoes, may not correlate with the forces experienced by individual users of the shoes.
Note 3—There is no research showing a correlation between scores on this test method and the probability of injury among users of a particular athletic footwear product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the measurement of the impact response properties of athletic shoes using Procedure A of Test Method F 1614.
1.2 This test method is limited to tests using a falling weight impact machine, as defined by Procedure A of Test Method F 1614.
1.3 This test method is intended for use on the heel and or forefoot regions of whole, intact athletic shoe cushioning systems. An athletic shoe cushioning system is defined as all of the layers of material between the wearer's foot and the ground surface that are normally considered a part of the shoe. This may include any of the following components: outsole or other abrasion resistant layer, a midsole or other compliant cushioning layer, an insole, insole board, or other material layer overlying the midsole, parts of the upper and heel counter reinforcement which extend beneath the foot, and an insock or other cushioning layer inside the shoe.
1.4 This test method is not intended for use as a test of shoes classified by the manufacturer as children's shoes.
1.5 The type, size or dimensions and thickness of the specimen, and the reference maximum energy applied shall qualify test results obtained by this test method.
1.5.1 Nominal specimen thickness values for this test method are in the range from 10 to 60 mm (0.4 to 2.4 in.). The area of the shoe to be tested must present an approximately circular, flat surface of at least 65 mm (2.6 in.) in diameter for impacting.
1.5.2 The standard value for the reference maximum energy applied by this test method is 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) for shoes which are subject to moderate impacts during normal use and 7.0 J (61.9 in.-lbf) for shoes which are subject to high impacts during normal use. Other values may be used, if they are stated in the report.
1.6 This test method is not appropriate for measuring the impact response of shoes that are not subjected to moderate impact or high impact in normal use.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of th...
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Designation: F1976 − 06 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Impact Attenuation Properties of Athletic Shoes Using an
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Impact Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1976; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This test method is not appropriate for measuring the
impact response of shoes that are not subjected to moderate
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversproceduresforthemeasurement
impact or high impact in normal use.
of the impact response properties of athletic shoes using
Procedure A of Test Method F1614. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard.
1.2 Thistestmethodislimitedtotestsusingafallingweight
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
impact machine, as defined by Procedure A of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
F1614.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 This test method is intended for use on the heel and or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
forefoot regions of whole, intact athletic shoe cushioning
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
systems.An athletic shoe cushioning system is defined as all of
the layers of material between the wearer’s foot and the ground
2. Referenced Documents
surface that are normally considered a part of the shoe. This
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
may include any of the following components: outsole or other
F1614 Test Method for Shock Attenuating Properties of
abrasion resistant layer, a midsole or other compliant cushion-
Materials Systems for Athletic Footwear
ing layer, an insole, insole board, or other material layer
overlying the midsole, parts of the upper and heel counter
3. Terminology
reinforcement which extend beneath the foot, and an insock or
other cushioning layer inside the shoe.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 cushioning system—one or more components of the
1.4 Thistestmethodisnotintendedforuseasatestofshoes
sole of a shoe intended for the redistribution of force or shock
classified by the manufacturer as children’s shoes.
attenuation, or both, including one or more of the insock,
1.5 The type, size or dimensions and thickness of the
insole, midsole, and outsole.
specimen, and the reference maximum energy applied shall
3.1.2 drop height—height from which the falling mass is
qualify test results obtained by this test method.
dropped, being the distance between the top of the specimen
1.5.1 Nominal specimen thickness values for this test
and the top of the tup.
method are in the range from 10 to 60 mm (0.4 to 2.4 in.). The
area of the shoe to be tested must present an approximately 3.1.3 impact—rapid deceleration of the lower extremity due
circular, flat surface of at least 65 mm (2.6 in.) in diameter for to collision between the foot and the surface.
impacting.
3.1.3.1 impact energy—kinetic energy of the falling weight
1.5.2 The standard value for the reference maximum energy
of an impact test machine at the instant the face of the tup first
applied by this test method is 5 J (44.2 in.-lbf) for shoes which
contacts the cushioning system under test.
are subject to moderate impacts during normal use and 7.0 J
NOTE 1—For a given impact energy, the maximum energy applied
(61.9 in.-lbf) for shoes which are subject to high impacts
varies, depending on the properties of the cushioning system under test.
during normal use. Other values may be used, if they are stated
The difference between the impact energy and the maximum energy
in the report.
applied is the additional potential energy lost by the falling mass between
the initial contact with the cushioning system and the point of maximum
displacement.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilitiesand is the direct responsibility of
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Subcommittee F08.54 on Athletic Footwear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F1976 – 99. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F1976-06. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F1976 − 06
3.1.3.2 low impact—impact during which the peak ground load rates th
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