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ASTM D276-12

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles (Withdrawn 2021)

Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles (Withdrawn 2021)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are a generally reliable means of identifying the generic types of fibers present in a sample of textile material of unknown composition. The methods are generally not useful for distinguishing fibers of the same generic class from different manufacturers or for distinguishing different fiber types of the same generic class from one producer.
Many fibers are chemically modified by their producers in various ways so as to alter their properties. It is possible for such modifications to interfere seriously with the analyses used in these test methods. Considerable experience and diligence of the analyst may be necessary to resolve satisfactorily these difficulties.
Dyes, lubricants, and delustrants are not present normally in amounts large enough to interfere with the analyses.
These test methods are not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because of the qualitative nature of the results and because of the limitations previously noted.
Note 2—For statements on precision and bias of the standard quantitative test methods for determining physical properties for confirmation of fiber identification refer to the cited test method. The precision and bias of the nonstandard quantitative test methods described are strongly influenced by the skill of the operator. The limited use of the test methods for qualitative identification cannot justify the effort that would be necessary to determine the precision and bias of the techniques.
5.5 Qualitative and quantitative fiber identification is actively pursued by Committee RA24 (Fiber Identification) of AATCC and presented in AATCC Test Method 20 and Test Method 20A. Since precision and bias development is also part of the AATCC test methods, both AATCC and ASTM D13 have agreed that new development will take place in RA24. However, because there is valuable information still present in the ASTM standards, Test Methods D276 and D629 will be maintained as active standards by ASTM.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the identification of the following textile fibers used commercially in the United States:
Acetate (secondary)Nylon Acrylic Nytril Anidex Olefin Aramid Polycarbonate AsbestosPolyester Cotton Ramie Cuprammonium rayonRayon (viscose) Flax Saran FluorocarbonSilk Glass Spandex Hemp Triacetate Jute Vinal LycocellVinyon ModacrylicWool Novoloid
1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the generic names approved by the Federal Trade Commission and listed in Terminology D123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon and polycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-made fibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold under various trademark names as follows (Note 1):
Acetate Acele®, Aviscon®, Celanese®, Chromspun®, Estron® Acrylic Acrilan®, Courtelle®, Creslan®, Dralon®, Orlon®, Zefran®  Anidex Anim/8® Aramid Kevlar®, Nomex®, Technora®, TeijinConex®, Twaron® CuprammoniumBemberg® FluorocarbonTeflon® Glass Fiberglas®, Garan®, Modiglass®, PPG®, Ultrastrand® Lyocell Tencel® ModacrylicDynel®, Kanecaron®, Monsanto SEF®, Verel® NovoloidKynol® Polyamide  (Nylon) 6Caprolan®,Enka®, Perlon®, Zefran®, Enkalon® Polyamide  (Nylon) 6, 6Antron®, Blue C®, Cantrece®, Celanese Phillips®, Enka®Nylon Polyamide  (Nylon) (other)Rilsan®(nylon 11), Qiana®, StanylEnka®,(Nylon 4,6) Nytril Darvan® Olefin Durel®, Herculon®, Marvess®, Polycrest® PolyesterAvlin®, Beaunit®, Blue C®, Dacron®, Encron®, Fortrel®, Kodel®, Quintess®, Spectran®, Trevira®, Vyoron®, Zephran®, Diolen®, Vectran® Rayon Avril®, Avisco®, Dynacor®, Enka®, Fiber 700®, Fibro®, Nupron®, Rayflex®, Suprenka®, Tyrex®, Tyron®, Cordenka®  Saran Enjay®, Saran® Spandex Glospun®, Lycra®, Numa®, Unel® TriacetateArnel® Vinyon Avisco®, Clevyl®, Rhovyl®, Thermovyl®, Volpex®
Note 1—The list of trademarks in 1.2 contains only examples and does not include all brands produced in the United States or abroad and imported for sale in the United States. The list does not i...

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Jan-2012
Withdrawal Date
21-Jan-2021
ICS
59.060.01 - Textile fibres in general
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.51 - Conditioning, Chemical and Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D276-12 - Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles (Withdrawn 2021)ASTM D276-12 - Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles (Withdrawn 2021)
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ASTM D276-12 - Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles (Withdrawn 2021)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D276 −12
Standard Test Methods for
1
Identification of Fibers in Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Methods D276 – 62 T, Identification of Fibers in Textiles were discontinued in 1969 because the
responsible subcommittee failed to recommend adoption as standard after several years publication as
a tentative. The subcommittee action was based on the members’ knowledge that the standard did not
include several fiber types introduced to the textile trade after the methods were published, and that
the techniques required to identify these fibers were lacking in the text, so that the text had become
outofdate.Reinstatementasastandardusingthepreviouslyassigneddesignationwasrequestedsince
the listed procedures were reliable and the text was considered to be the best available, though not
all-inclusive. Extensive editorial changes were made in various sections in 1972, and the methods
were reinstated as D276 – 72.
The methods have been revised completely, emphasizing infrared spectroscopic techniques for
identifying man-made fiber types. Methods for determining several physical properties and solubility
data useful for confirming infrared spectral identifications have been included. The longitudinal and
cross-section photographs of the various fibers have been omitted since they are published elsewhere
andtheusefulnessforidentificationislimited.Extensiveeditorialchangeshavebeenmadethroughout
the text.
AATCCTest Method 20 was first published in 1947 and has been revised or reaffirmed on a regular
2
basis since that time. The most current version is AATCC “Test Method 20–2011” .
1. Scope
Novoloid
1.1 These test methods cover the identification of the
1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the generic
followingtextilefibersusedcommerciallyintheUnitedStates:
namesapprovedbytheFederalTradeCommissionandlistedin
Terminology D123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon and
Acetate (secondary) Nylon
Acrylic Nytril
polycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-made
Anidex Olefin
fibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold under
Aramid Polycarbonate
Asbestos Polyester various trademark names as follows (Note 1):
Cotton Ramie
Acetate Acele®, Aviscon®, Celanese®, Chromspun®, Estron®
Cuprammonium rayon Rayon (viscose)
Acrylic Acrilan®, Courtelle®, Creslan®, Dralon®, Orlon®,
Flax Saran
Zefran®
Fluorocarbon Silk
Anidex Anim/8®
Glass Spandex
Aramid Kevlar®, Nomex®, Technora®, TeijinConex®, Twaron®
Hemp Triacetate
Cuprammonium Bemberg®
Jute Vinal
Fluorocarbon Teflon®
Lycocell Vinyon
Glass Fiberglas®, Garan®, Modiglass®, PPG®, Ultrastrand®
Modacrylic Wool
Lyocell Tencel®
Modacrylic Dynel®, Kanecaron®, Monsanto SEF®, Verel®
Novoloid Kynol®
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Polyamide
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Conditioning, (Nylon) 6 Caprolan®,Enka®, Perlon®, Zefran®, Enkalon®
Polyamide
Chemical and Thermal Properties.
(Nylon) 6, 6 Antron®, Blue C®, Cantrece®, Celanese Phillips®,
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originally
Enka®Nylon
approved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D276 – 00a(2008).
Polyamide
DOI: 10.1520/D0276-12.
2 (Nylon) (other) Rilsan®(nylon 11), Qiana®, StanylEnka®,(Nylon 4,6)
AATCC Technical Manual, available from theAmericanAssociation of Textile
Nytril Darvan®
Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D276−12
Olefin Durel®, Herculon®, Marvess®, Polycrest® Section
Polyester Avlin®, Beaunit®, Blue C®, Dacron®, Encron®, Fortrel®, Refractive Indices
Kodel®, Quintess®, Spectran®, Trevira®, Vyoron®,
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Zephran®, Diolen®, Vectran®
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Rayon Avril®, Avisco®, Dynacor®, Enka®, Fiber 700®, Fibro®,
Nupron®, Rayflex®, Suprenka®, Tyrex®, Tyron®,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Cordenka®
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Saran Enjay®, Saran®
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.
Spandex Glospun®, Lycra®, Numa®, Unel®
Triacetate Arnel®
Vinyon Avisco®, Clevyl®, Rhovyl®, Thermovyl®, Volpex®
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—The
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm [1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom.  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom  
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Note 1: Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is discontinued.  
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably throughout this test method.  
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5.1 Limited accuracy in measuring the change in length produces errors in estimating values for shrinkage below 10 %. However, this test is being used for low level shrinkage fibers because the results give have been found to give an adequate indication of average shrinkage at the lower levels. The test is not adequate for determining variability in average shrinkage at low levels. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm [1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)  
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5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on fiber processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the fiber to extension at forces below the yield point. The tangent modulus and tensile stress at specif...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of natural and man-made single textile fibers of sufficient length to permit mounting test specimens in a tensile testing machine.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.
In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using Test Method D2402 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if statistical biases exist between their laboratories. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data with an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties while designing the test program. If the analysis shows a bias, its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test data with consideration for the known bias.
The amount of water retained by a fiber mass increases with an increase in the hydrophilic tendency of the fiber. Thus the data obtained can be used to indicate the following:
Differences in water retention between the various man-made and natural fibers,
Degree of cross-linking in cellulosic fibers,
Damage incurred by wool and silk fibers due to alkaline processing, and
Persistence of water-repellent treatments.
FIG. 1 Cross-section View of Centrifuge Tube Assembly
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of water retention of man-made and natural fibers as staple, tow, or filament and spun yarns. It is intended to give a measure of the amount of water which cannot be removed from thoroughly wetted fiber solely by mechanical means as applied by centrifugal force (see 3.2).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.

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ASTM
ASTM D1577-07(2012)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for the vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section 37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or Option C because between-laboratory precision information is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be advisable.
In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1577 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of samples that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. These samples should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material with consideration to the known bias.
Option A for bundle weighing is generally considered to be the referee procedure for acceptance testing.
Option A is not recommended for measurement of linear density of blends of production fibers having different nominal linear densities.
The accuracy of the linear density values obtained by Options A and B is dependent upon the accuracy with which the fibers can be cut and weighed.
Note 2—On short staple fiber, an accuracy in cutting of 1.0 % is difficult to obtain. This problem is further complicated if crimp is present in the fibers.
The accuracy of weighing ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below.
  OptionSections     AFiber Bundle Weighing 7-15  BSingle-Fiber Weighing16-23  CVibroscope, General24-30  35 and 36   C1Uncrimped Fibers31 and 32   C2Crimped Fibers33 and 34   Precision and Bias37 and 38  
Note 1—For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D1769and . For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282, D2130 and .  
1.2 The crimp, taper and cross-sectional shape of the fiber may influence the linear density measured by single-fiber weighing and vibroscope.
1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fibers with moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. The fiber moisture under these conditions is not necessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for the fibers.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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