ASTM F2838-10
(Practice)Standard Practice for Accelerated Laboratory Aging of Radial Passenger Car and Light Truck Tires through Load Range E for the Laboratory Generation of Belt Separation
Standard Practice for Accelerated Laboratory Aging of Radial Passenger Car and Light Truck Tires through Load Range E for the Laboratory Generation of Belt Separation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard practice establishes a method for conducting accelerated laboratory aging of radial passenger or light truck tires, or both, in an oven.
The goal of this practice is to define a scientifically valid protocol for the accelerated laboratory aging of a tire such that certain of its material properties correlate to those of in-service tires (see Appendix X1). This practice does not establish performance limits or tolerances for tire specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a method to laboratory age a new tire in an oven to produce changes in certain chemical and physical properties at the belt edges similar to those of tires in-service (see Appendix X1).
1.2 This practice is a precursor to conducting an ASTM standard roadwheel test method for laboratory generation of belt separation in radial passenger car and light truck tires.
1.3 This practice may not produce representative chemical and physical property changes in any part of the tire except the belt edge.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: F2838 − 10
Standard Practice for
Accelerated Laboratory Aging of Radial Passenger Car and
Light Truck Tires through Load Range E for the Laboratory
Generation of Belt Separation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2838; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Standards:
ANSI/ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the compe-
1.1 Thispracticedescribesamethodtolaboratoryageanew
tence of testing and calibration laboratories
tire in an oven to produce changes in certain chemical and
Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Standard for Valve
physical properties at the belt edges similar to those of tires
Connections V-1
in-service (see Appendix X1).
EIGA IGA 04/09/E Fire Hazards of Oxygen and Oxygen
1.2 This practice is a precursor to conducting an ASTM
Enriched Atmospheres
standard roadwheel test method for laboratory generation of
RMA Volume 4 Tire Service Manual
belt separation in radial passenger car and light truck tires. 6
Tire and Rim Association (T&RA) Year Book
European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO)
1.3 This practice may not produce representative chemical
and physical property changes in any part of the tire except the Standards Manual
Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association Inc.
belt edge.
(JATMA) Year Book
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
ISO 4000 Passenger Car Tyres and Rims
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 age, v—toapplyconditionssoastopromotechangeof
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
material properties.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—For a tire, this can be done on a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
roadwheel, in a laboratory oven, in service, etc.
precautionary statements, see Section 8.
3.1.2 aging, accelerated laboratory (also: aging, labora-
tory) , n—increasedrateoftirematerialpropertychangesunder
2. Referenced Documents
specified conditions, including temperature, inflation pressure,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
oxygen concentration in the filling gas, and time.
ASTM SI10 - 02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National
3.1.3 aging, in-service, n—materialpropertychangeswithin
StandardforUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):
tires due to consumer usage.
The Modern Metric System
3.1.3.1 Discussion—See Appendix X1 for more details.
F538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-
3.1.4 aging, oven, n—accelerated laboratory aging in an
formance of Tires
G128 Guide for Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen elevated temperature environment.
Enriched Systems
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
1 4
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F09 on Tires and is Available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA), 4221 Walney Rd., 5th
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular) Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151-2923, http://www.cganet.com.
Testing. Available from Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA), 1400 K St., NW,
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. DOI: 10.1520/ Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005, http://www.rma.org.
F2838-10. AvailablefromTireandRimAssociation,Inc.(TRA),175MontroseWestAve.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Suite 150, Copley, OH 44313, http://www.us-tra.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
the ASTM website. www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2838 − 10
3.1.5 aging, thermal oxidative, n—the process whereby 6.1.2 Autonomous oven temperature monitoring devices
chemical and physical material properties of a tire change with shall be located within the oven such that the thermal history
exposure to heat and oxygen. for each tire can be characterized.
6.1.3 Oven temperature control mechanisms (including the
3.1.6 belt, in a tire, n—a breaker that substantially restricts
thermostat) shall be calibrated within 61°C per the latest
the carcass in a circumferential direction. F538
requirements of ANSI/ISO/IEC 17025.
3.1.7 belt separation, n—a breakdown of bonding between
6.1.4 Ovens large enough for tires may have a temperature
the belts or plies or tread, or combination thereof. F538
gradientwithinthem.Athermalmapshallbedevelopedforthe
3.1.8 cold inflation pressure, n—thegaugepressureofatire,
oven intended to be used for the laboratory aging of tires, to
measured after equilibration at ambient temperature.
identify positions or regions which are too hot or cold to be
usable, or to identify the need to reduce the thermal gradient.
3.1.9 inflation gas, n—the specific filling medium used to
pressurize the tire cavity and maintain a specified gauge See 11.4 for temperature tolerances.
6.1.4.1 At steady-state conditions, the temperature gradient
pressure (for example, oxygen/nitrogen gas mixture, air).
within the usable oven space shall be stable.Astable tempera-
3.1.10 hot inflation pressure, n—the gauge pressure of a tire
ture gradient can be achieved by, amongst other things, having
after equilibration in an oven, measured between 60 and 80
proper thermal insulation in the oven, appropriate circulation,
min after removal from oven.
and having the door(s) adequately sealed.
3.1.11 measured inflation pressure, n—gauge pressure of a
tire measured at a given time under ambient temperature and
7. Reagents and Materials
barometric pressure source. F538
7.1 An oxygen/nitrogen gas mixture of (50.0 % O / 50.0 %
3.1.12 oven, n—a chamber designed for heating tires in a
N with a 62 % analytical uncertainty) shall be used with a
controlled manner.
maximum moisture content of 200 ppm.
3.1.13 tire, n—a load-bearing ground-contacting circumfer-
8. Hazards
ential attachment to a vehicle wheel. F538
3.1.14 tire, oven-aged, n—a tire that has been subjected to 8.1 Hazards During Tire Oven Aging—The possibility of a
accelerated laboratory aging in an elevated temperature envi- catastrophic loss of air pressure from the tire shall be antici-
pated throughout the procedure. (Warning—Such a pressure
ronment (see 3.1.2).
loss may be accompanied by fragments having a high energy
4. Summary of Practice level being thrown from the tire as well as a pressure wave
radiating from the tire. Adequate safeguards for fire and
4.1 This standard practice requires the use of an oven (as
personalprotectionaswellasover-pressureventilationshallbe
specified in 6.1) to conduct accelerated laboratory aging of a
provided at all times.)
tire. This requires a defined inflation pressure, inflation gas,
oven temperature, and time period.
8.2 Hazards During Tire Oxygen/Nitrogen Gas Mixture
Filling and Replenishment:
4.2 This standard practice was developed to be used to
8.2.1 Regulators and Fittings—Oxygen rated hoses and
prepare tires for conducting anASTM standard test method for
fittings shall be used. The fittings and regulators shall conform
laboratory generation of belt separation in radial passenger car
to the Compressed GasAssociation StandardV-1 requirements
and light truck tires. Use of this practice for other applications
for compressed gases with enriched oxygen concentrations, for
would require validation.
example CGA-296. The hose shall have a working pressure
above the tire inflation pressure specified in this standard. The
5. Significance and Use
hose shall be kept clean and undamaged and should be
5.1 This standard practice establishes a method for conduct-
compatible with the specified oxygen concentration.
ing accelerated laboratory aging of radial passenger or light
8.2.2 Storage of Gas Cylinders—Gas cylinders shall be
truck tires, or both, in an oven.
stored per OSHA guidelines.
5.2 Thegoalofthispracticeistodefineascientificallyvalid
8.2.3 Filling and Venting of Tires—Venting and filling tires
protocol for the accelerated laboratory aging of a tire such that
shall be done in a well ventilated area, away from any ignition
certain of its material properties correlate to those of in-service
sources. Persons who have been exposed to oxygen enriched
tires (see Appendix X1). This practice does not establish
atmosphere should avoid ignition sources until well ventilated,
performance limits or tolerances for tire specifications.
at least 15 min, per EIGA IGA 04/09/E recommendation.
8.2.4 Static Electrical Isolation of Tire/Wheel Assemblies—
6. Apparatus
The tire/wheel assembly shall be electrically grounded during
fill/vent to prevent any static discharge.
6.1 Use of an oven is specified in this section, defining the
requirements such that tires may be exposed to a controlled
9. Sampling and Specimens
temperature. Provisions for monitoring other environmental
conditions (for example, humidity) are also recommended. 9.1 All of the tires in a sample lot shall have the desired
6.1.1 Oven configuration shall be such that tires may be production plant and date codes and similar storage and
positioned without contacting other tires or oven walls, ceiling temperature history exposure.Tires must be free of molding or
or floor. other defects.
F2838 − 10
9.2 New tires (not previously used or inflated) shall be used pressure, shall remain at the ambient temperature of the test
in this standard practice and shall be selected so that they are room for at least 24 h prior to testing.
no less than 2 weeks and no greater than 39 weeks from time 11.1.7 Testing for leaks is suggested. Leak checks can be
of manufacture. conducted by either submersion in a water tank for at least 30
min or by carefully checking both beads and fittings for leaks
9.3 Test tires shall be mounted on wheels for testing, of the
with leak detection fluid. If a light alloy wheel is used, the
measuring rim width, if available. The same wheel should be
entire wheel assembly must be checked for leaks.
used for both oven aging and roadwheel testing without
11.1.8 Using the oxygen/nitrogen gas mixture, inflate the
dismounting, to prevent any damage incurred through removal
tires as follows:
of the tire from the wheel. If the appropriate rim size is not
11.1.8.1 Vent air-filled tire to atmospheric pressure,
available, the operator shall use an alternate size per current
11.1.8.2 Inflate to the cold inflation pressure (measured at
published standards. Refer to the current published standards
23 65°Claboratoryambienttemperature)specifiedinTable1,
of T&RA, ETRTO, JATMA, or ISO 4000 for lists of standard-
11.1.8.3 Vent back to atmospheric pressure,
ized wheel widths for applicable tire dimensions.
11.1.8.4 Inflate to the specified cold inflation pressure,
9.4 Record the manufacturer’s identification, brand name,
11.1.8.5 Vent back to atmospheric pressure, and
tire identification number, size, load range, specified cold
11.1.8.6 Inflate to the specified cold inflation pressure.
inflation pressure, and type of tire.
11.1.9 After confirming that the tire/wheel assembly is free
from leaks and filled with the gas mixture, fit the valve with a
10. Preparation of Apparatus
sealing cap.
10.1 Preparation for Tire Oven Aging—The target oven
11.2 Tire Oven Aging:
space temperature shall be 60 6 1°C.
11.2.1 The target tire temperature during oven aging shall
be 60 6 1°C. If necessary, the oven thermostat set point may
11. Procedure
be adjusted up or down to maintain the test tire at 60 6 1°C.
11.2.2 Place tires in the equilibrated oven and ensure that
11.1 Tire Mounting and Tire Inflation Preparation Prior to
thetiresareaminimumof50mm(2in.)aparttofacilitateeven
Tire Oven Aging:
heat transfer and to assure that no tires are load bearing (other
11.1.1 Test tires are to be mounted on wheels of the proper
than their own assembly weight).
rim bead seat diameter with clean, smooth surfaces in the bead
11.2.3 Remove the tire from the oven 6 6 2 h after the start
seat areas, particularly in the vicinity of the weld. Wheel rim
of oven aging and allow it to cool for 60 min. Measure tire
flangesmustbefreeofsharpedgesorscuffsthatcoulddamage
inflation pressure between 60 and 80 min after removal from
the tire during mounting. Bead seat diameters must be verified
oven and record in the appropriate data log.This pressure shall
using a certified disc tape (a.k.a. ball tape) and be acceptable
thenbereferredtoasthehotinflationpressureandbecomesthe
according to an applicable standard such as the T&RA Year-
target tire inflation for subsequent, periodic hot inflation
book. Painted steel is the material of choice for the test wheels
pressure checks and top-offs.
duetothelowpermeationrates.Ifanotherwheelmaterialmust
11.2.4 The target oven duration shall be seven weeks (1176
be used, then precautions are to be taken to insure against fill
6 4 h).
gas permeation through the wheel material. For the example of
non-ferrouswheels,thetestershallpaintthewheelbetweenthe 11.3 Periodic Hot Inflation Pressure Check and Top-Off
beadseatstoreducethefillgaspermeationratefromthewheel,
Method:
or the manufacturer must certify them to be leak free via 11.3.1 Seven days after the start date and time (66 h),
helium inspection. Tires should be mounted on the wheels that
remove the tire from the oven.
will be used for roadwheel testing to avoid damaging the tire 11.3.2 Measure tire inflation pressure between 60 and 80
bead area.
min after removal from oven, and record on the appropriate
11.1.2 Any tires mounted on light alloy wheels should be data log.
noted in the Observation/Comments fields of the appropriate
data log.
11.1.3 Metal valve stems should be used on any tires which
TABLE 1 Inflation Pressure Corresponding to Maximum Load
are to be subjected to oven aging. If only a rubber valve stem
Standard Load,
is available, it must be new at the beginning of this test. All
240 kPa (35 psi)
LL, SL (ISO)
valve stems shall be rated for pressures exceeding those to be
Extra Load (XL), XL
280 kPa (41 psi)
(ISO) Reinforced
encountered during the test.
Inflation Pressure
11.1.4 A commercial bead-rim lubricant shall be applied to “LT”
...
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