ASTM E2271-05a(2012)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities
Standard Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A clearance examination of abatement areas and other areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or building maintenance or modification activities in single-family detached dwellings, multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities is performed to determine that the clearance area is adequately safe for reoccupancy.
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to assure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel requirements are met prior to conduct of a clearance examination. At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use and in safe practices for its conduct.
This practice is one of a set of standards developed for lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment procedures required in this standard are found in Practice E2255 and the record keeping requirements are found in Practice E2239.
Although this practice was primarily developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this practice may be also applied to nonresidential buildings and related structures by agreement between the client and the individual conducting the clearance examination.
This practice may be used by owners and property managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible for maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard management consultants, construction contractors, labor groups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.
This standard does not address whether lead-hazard reduction activities or other building modification or maintenance work were done properly.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint chips with environmental sampling of surface dust to determine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample collection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or other building maintenance and modification activities.
1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of single-family detached dwellings (including exterior structures, such as fences), multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities.
1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement has been performed.
1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for dust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and, consequently whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearance examination.
Note 1—This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazard reduction activities other than abatement, except that composite dust sampling is not used.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E2271 − 05a (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Practice for
Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction
Activities in Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied
Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2271; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Footnotes corrected editorially in April 2012.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence 2.1 ASTM Standards:
of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
chips with environmental sampling of surface dust to deter- D5124 Practice for Testing and Use of a Random Number
mine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample Generator in Lumber and Wood Products Simulation
collection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or other E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
building maintenance and modification activities. E1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-
Related)
1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of single-
E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
family detached dwellings (including exterior structures, such
E1727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for
as fences), multifamily dwellings having similar units, com-
Subsequent Lead Determination (Withdrawn 2014)
mon areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities.
E1728 PracticeforCollectionofSettledDustSamplesUsing
1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that
Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determi-
may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement
nation
has been performed.
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead
in Surface Dust
1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining
whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for E2239 PracticeforRecordKeepingandRecordPreservation
dust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and, conse- for Lead Hazard Activities
E2255 Practice for Conducting VisualAssessments for Lead
quently whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearance
examination. Hazards in Buildings (Withdrawn 2013)
NOTE 1—This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described
2.2 U.S. Regulations:
in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazard
24 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 35, Department of
reduction activities other than abatement, except that composite dust
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Requirements
sampling is not used.
for Notification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-Based
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Paint Hazards in Federally Owned Residential Property
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
and Housing Receiving Federal Assistance (especially
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
subparts B and R)
tion only and are not considered standard.
40 CFR 745, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Resi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
dential Structures (especially subparts D, L and Q)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor- The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
manceofBuildingsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE06.23onLead www.astm.org.
Hazards Associated with Buildings. AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2271 – 05a. DOI: www.access.gpo.gov. Also available from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/
10.1520/E2271-05AR12E01. collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2271 − 05a (2012)
5,6
2.3 Governmental Agency Guidance: for maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard
EPA National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NL- management consultants, construction contractors, labor
LAP) groups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance
organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.
3. Terminology
4.6 This standard does not address whether lead-hazard
3.1 Definitions—Fordefinitionsoftermsnotappearinghere,
reduction activities or other building modification or mainte-
see Terminologies E631, E1480, and E1605.
nance work were done properly.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5. General Requirements
3.2.1 clearance area, n—work area and additional spaces
outside the work area where lead contamination may have 5.1 Applicable Regulations—The clearance examination
occurred during lead hazard reduction and other building
shall be conducted in accordance with all regulations promul-
maintenance or modification activities. gated by authorities having jurisdiction.Applicable regulations
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The spaces outside the work area may
are those that are currently in force in jurisdictions where the
include rooms connected to the work area, egress routes, waste clearance examination is conducted.
storage areas, and grounds adjoining exterior work areas.
5.2 Personnel Qualifications—All persons conducting or
3.2.2 work area, n—theinteriororexteriorspacewherelead
participating in the clearance examination shall be qualified in
hazard control or other building maintenance or modification
accordance with regulations promulgated by authorities having
activities are performed.
jurisdiction.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The interior work space may include
NOTE 2—For example, in the United States, 40 CFR Part 745, Subpart
L, or 24 CFR Part 35, Subpart R, or both, may apply.
(1) a portion of a room, an entire room, or room equivalent, or
(2) portions of multiple rooms, multiple rooms or room
5.3 Reporting Schedule—Before arriving at the property,
equivalents, depending upon the extent or location, or both, of
determine with the client the schedule for reporting the results
the lead hazard control activity. The exterior work space may
of the clearance examination. Specify in hours or days when
include (1) a portion of a building façade, an entire building
the clearance summary and clearance report are due to the
façade, associated structures, such as fences, and (2) bare soil.
client. Consider in the reporting schedule the following: when
thelastsamplefortheclearanceexaminationistobecollected;
4. Significance and Use
whentheresultsoftestingaretobeavailable;and,whetherand
4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and other
how reoccupancy, additional construction, or maintenance
areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or
work, or other factors affect the schedule.
building maintenance or modification activities in single-
5.4 Dust Wipe Sampling Materials—Use only dust wipes
family detached dwellings, multifamily dwellings having simi-
that meet Specification E1792 to collect samples of surface
lar units, common areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied
dust.
facilities is performed to determine that the clearance area is
5.5 Dust Sampling Procedure—Collect surface dust wipe
adequately safe for reoccupancy.
samples in accordance with Practice E1728. Record the unique
4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
location description, unique sample identifier, the dimensions
assure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel require-
of the area sampled, and all other sample collection informa-
ments are met prior to conduct of a clearance examination. At
tion on the Paint/Dust/Debris Data Form (given in Practice
aminimum,usersofthisstandardshallbetrainedinitsuseand
E2255).
in safe practices for its conduct.
5.6 Soil Sampling Procedure—When required, collect soil
4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for
samples in accordance with Practice E1727. Record the unique
lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment
location description, unique sample identifier, and all other
procedures required in this standard are found in Practice
samplecollectioninformationontheGroundDataForm(given
E2255 and the record keeping requirements are found in
in Practice E2255).
Practice E2239.
5.7 Laboratory Selection:
4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed for
5.7.1 Use only laboratories (either fixed site or field opera-
dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this practice
tional)thatholdthenecessaryaccreditations,certifications,and
may be also applied to nonresidential buildings and related
recognitions needed to conduct lead testing services required
structures by agreement between the client and the individual
by regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction.
conducting the clearance examination.
NOTE 3—For example, in the United States ofAmerica, laboratories are
4.5 This practice may be used by owners and property
recognized for analysis of lead in soil or dust wipe samples, or both, as
managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible
applicable, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through
the National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP).
AvailablefromU.S.Dept.ofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD),4517th
6. Activities Conducted Prior to Visual Assessment and
Street SW, Washington DC 20210, http://www.hud.gov. Also available from
http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=program_offices/healthy_homes. Sample Collection
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ariel
6.1 Permissions and Releases—In advance of carrying out
Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004, http://
www.epa.gov. the Clearance Examination, obtain the following:
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E2271 − 05a (2012)
6.1.1 Signed releases permitting entry to the property and buildingmaintenanceormodificationactivitywasperformedis
conducting the clearance examination, as may be needed, prior unknown, the clearance examiner shall assume that the clear-
to attempting entry to the property, ance area is the entire interior of the dwelling.
6.1.2 Permission to acquire and review available property 6.3.3 If the exterior work area upon which hazard reduction
construction records and any other records appropriate to the or other building maintenance or modification activity was
conduct of the clearance examination, and performed is unknown, the clearance examiner shall assume
that the clearance area is the entire exterior property.
6.1.3 Permission to collect samples.
6.2 Consider Random Sampling of Dwelling Units in Mul- 6.4 Prepare Floor and Site Plan(s):
6.4.1 Prepare a floor plan (interior) or property site plan
tifamily Dwellings:
(exterior), or both, to cover all the clearance areas, as
NOTE 4—Random sampling of similar units, areas, or sites in multi-
applicable, in accordance with Practice E2255 for each dwell-
family dwellings or groups of other detached dwellings may be permitted
ing unit, common area or exterior site to be examined. Each
in regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For
example, in the United States, see 40 CFR 745.227(e)(9) and 24 CFR plan shall be used to record clearance examination activities
35.1340(b)(2) or other regulations promulgated by authorities having
including:
jurisdiction. Regulations can be found at www.epa.gov/lead or http://
6.4.1.1 Location of the clearance area,
www.hud.gov/offices/lead/index.cfm.
6.4.1.2 Locations from which samples of soil or surface
6.2.1 Determine with the client or client’s designee whether
dust, or both, were collected prior to a lead hazard or other
to conduct clearance examination in a random sample of
building maintenance or modification activity (see Note 6),
multifamily dwelling units, common areas, or exterior sites, or
NOTE 6—These samples of soil or surface dust, or both, may have been
all three. If random sampling is not acceptable, continue with
collected to document lead levels prior to the conduct of abatement, other
6.3. Otherwise,
lead hazard activities, and other building maintenance or modification
6.2.2 Group units, areas, or sites, or all three, having similar
activities.
construction and maintenance history based on written docu-
6.4.1.3 Area(s) used for the storage of debris and waste,
mentation or visual evidence.
6.4.1.4 Route(s) used by workers to walk from the work
6.2.3 Determine the number(s) of distinct dwelling units,
area to the exterior of the building,
common areas or exterior sites, or all three, in which clearance
6.4.1.5 Locations(s) where deteriorated paint, surface dust,
examination will be performed using statistical methods or
paint chips, and painted or unpainted debris (if any) had been
other referenced methods to estimate mean lead contents.
observed within the work area during visual examination(s).
NOTE 5—In the United States of America, The U.S. Department of
6.5 Clearance Examination Initiation:
Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has developed guidance on
6.5.1 Verifywiththeclientorclient’sdesignee,thatthelead
determining the appropriate number of samples to include in lead
hazardreductionorotherbuildingmaintenanceormodification
inspections, risk assessment, and clearance examinations.
activity has been completed before initiating the visual assess-
6.2.4 For each group of dwelling units, common areas, and
ment.
exterior sites identified in 6.2.2, prepare a table that uniquely
6.5.2 Wait at least 1 h after cleaning has been completed
describes each unit, area or site within the group.
before initiating the visual assessment to allow airborne dust to
6.2.5 Create a list of random numbers for each group of
settle.
dwelling units, common areas, or exterior sites identified in
6.2.2 having a length corresponding to the number of units,
7. Protocol for Interior Visual Assessment
areas, or sites in the group. Use a random number generator
7.1 Conduct visual assessments of
...
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