ASTM F1799-97(2015)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Applicability—This guide is intended to describe a planning audit that will improve the shipowner's ability to forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially hazardous shipboard materials.
4.2 Use—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a variety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification, purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, with target materials identified during the planning process.
4.3 Caution—Legal restrictions on the removal and disposal of materials discussed in this guide may vary significantly from port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons for this variation include the decentralized nature of port control, state, and local environmental regulations, and the local availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on specific legal requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This guide covers information for assisting shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling complications during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of certain materials disturbed during modification, maintenance, or disposal of systems or components may be costly or interrupt the work schedule.
1.2 Objectives:
1.2.1 This guide will describe materials that may be disturbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities, which may result in costly or time-consuming removal or disposal actions.
1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to identify and record the locations of materials of concern for immediate planning and future reference.
1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issues related to the handling and storage of materials described in this guide.
1.3 Considerations Beyond Scope:
1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carried as cargo or material stored onboard in prepackaged containers.
1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste products related to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such as sewage, solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual products resulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge left in segregated ballast tanks.
1.3.3 This guide does not provide a comprehensive index of test methods available for characterizing the materials discussed. Test methods referenced or described should be considered as examples.
1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regulatory issues for any of the materials described.
1.3.5 This guide is not intended to address remediation concerns.
General Information
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: F1799 − 97 (Reapproved 2015) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1799; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Purpose—This guide covers information for assisting
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling complications
E849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating
during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase
to Occupational Exposure toAsbestos (Withdrawn 1991)
negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of
certain materials disturbed during modification, maintenance,
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
or disposal of systems or components may be costly or
ASHRAE Guideline 3 Reducing Emission of Fully Haloge-
interrupt the work schedule.
nated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerants in Refrig-
eration andAir-Conditioning Equipment andApplications
1.2 Objectives:
2.3 EPA Methods:
1.2.1 This guide will describe materials that may be dis-
EPA 600/M4–82–020, Interim Method of the Determination
turbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities,
of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples
which may result in costly or time-consuming removal or
EPA SW-846, Method 8080 Organochlorine Pesticides and
disposal actions.
PCBs
1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to iden-
EPASW-846,Method1311 ToxicityCharacteristicLeachate
tify and record the locations of materials of concern for
Procedure
immediate planning and future reference.
EPA SW-846, Method 8270 Semi-Volatiles List
1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issues
EPA SW-846, Method 8260 Volatiles List
related to the handling and storage of materials described in
this guide.
3. Terminology
1.3 Considerations Beyond Scope:
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carried
3.1.1 audit, n—a process to identify waste materials associ-
as cargo or material stored onboard in prepackaged containers.
ated with maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase
1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste products
negotiations, or scrapping activities, some of which may be
related to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such as
hazardous, with the goal of providing planning information
sewage, solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual products
about environmental, health, and safety risks and related costs.
resulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge left
3.1.2 friable, n—a physical state in which a dry material can
in segregated ballast tanks.
be easily crumpled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand
1.3.3 This guide does not provide a comprehensive index of
pressure.
test methods available for characterizing the materials dis-
3.1.3 mobile, adj—capable of being transported from one
cussed. Test methods referenced or described should be con-
surface to another.
sidered as examples.
1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regula-
tory issues for any of the materials described.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1.3.5 This guide is not intended to address remediation
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
concerns.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
1 4
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.06 on Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
Marine Environmental Protection. 30329, http://www.ashrae.org.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1799 – 97 (2009). Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
DOI: 10.1520/F1799-97R15. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1799 − 97 (2015)
3.1.4 PCB, n—a class of chemicals comprised of polychlo- amphibole, and chrysotile (1). When asbestos becomes
rinated biphenyls. friable, it may be inhaled or swallowed, penetrating body
tissues and remaining there for many years. Exposure to
3.1.5 streaming agents, n—a type of chemical used to fight
asbestoshasbeenlinkedtoasbestosis,mesothelioma,andother
small, contained fires by directing the firefighting agent spe-
cancers. Exposure to cigarette smoke may increase the long-
cifically at the fire.
term risk of developing asbestos-related lung cancer by as
3.1.6 target materials, n—specific materials that the audit
much as 90 %.
process will identify for evaluation.
6.1.2 Uses—Many common construction products contain
3.1.7 waste oil, n—oil that cannot be reused or recycled.
asbestos, although use of the material in the United States was
significantlyreducedduringthe1970s.Likelyproductsinclude
4. Significance and Use
pipe lagging and other types of insulation, vinyl tile and
4.1 Applicability—This guide is intended to describe a
linoleum, floor tile adhesives, cement sheet and fiberboard,
planning audit that will improve the shipowner’s ability to
brake pads and linings, and gasket materials, particularly for
forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in
high-temperature applications.
identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associ-
6.1.3 Test Methods (for Thermal Insulation) (2):
ated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially 6.1.3.1 Sampling—The area to be sampled should be sub-
hazardous shipboard materials.
divided into homogeneous areas, and sampling of each homo-
geneous area should be conducted in a statistically random
4.2 Use—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a
manner. For surface materials, collect at least three samples for
variety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification,
each area under 1000 ft , at least five for areas between 1000
purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should
and 5000 ft , and at least seven for each area greater than 5000
be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, with
ft . For piping insulation, collect at least three samples from
target materials identified during the planning process.
each homogeneous section of piping.
4.3 Caution—Legal restrictions on the removal and disposal
6.1.3.2 Analysis—Samples should not be composited for
ofmaterialsdiscussedinthisguidemayvarysignificantlyfrom
analysis. Analysis of each sample should be conducted using
port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons
the Polarized Light Microscopy Method described in EPA
for this variation include the decentralized nature of port
600/M4-82-020. Under current U.S. regulations, a homoge-
control, state, and local environmental regulations, and the
neous area may be considered free of asbestos if all samples
local availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this
from that area are shown to contain less than 1 % of asbestos.
guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on
6.1.4 Handling Precautions (3)—Asbestos should only be
specific legal requirements.
handledbytrainedpersonnel.Ifasbestosmustbedisturbed,the
area should be isolated and well-labeled to protect employees
5. Procedure
not involved with the removal or repair work. Protective
5.1 Planning—Objectives for the waste management audit
clothing including disposable coveralls, gloves, goggles, and a
should be established at the planning stage. A well-planned
respirator should be worn when handling asbestos, and person-
audit will focus on target materials in critical locations to
nel should remove contaminated clothes and wash before
minimize audit costs. Waste management audits, therefore,
leaving the work site. Material should be kept wet to minimize
should be performed by environmental, health, and safety
potentialforairbornefibers.Wasteproductsshouldbestoredin
experts familiar with the specific objectives of the audit. Past
plastic bags in a sealed rigid container and protected from
audit reports of the area and other documentation that may
physical damage. Asbestos material, including asbestos waste,
provide insight into material characterization should be re-
should be stored in an isolated, regulated, and well-marked
viewedtoavoidtheexpenseofunnecessarytests.Forexample,
area. Smoking, eating, drinking, chewing, or applying cosmet-
construction specifications may characterize a particular
ics should be avoided in areas in which asbestos exposure is
material, eliminating the need for testing. In some instances,
likely. Practice E849 provides additional details. Asbestos
inspection of the ship or interviews with personnel on-site may
replacement materials also may pose environmental, safety,
be beneficial in planning the audit.
and health risks.
5.2 Testing—Many materials will require sampling and
6.2 PCB-Contaminated Media:
characterization tests. A sampling plan should be followed by
6.2.1 Description—PCBs have many useful properties in-
qualified and authorized personnel. Analysis performed by a
cluding high stability, low vapor pressure, low flammability,
qualified or certified laboratory may be required.
high heat capacity, and low electrical conductivity. They are
suspected carcinogens, however, and have been associated
6. Potential Shipboard Generated Wastes
with adverse health and reproductive effects. They also have a
6.1 Asbestos: high potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.Anumber
6.1.1 Description—Asbestos is the common name of a of trade names exist for PCBs, including Aroclor, Asbestol,
number of substances including amosite, anthrophyllite, Chlorextol, Diaclor, and Dykanol (4).
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard.
F1799 − 97 (2015)
6.2.2 Uses—Because of the many positive characteristics of for increased cardiac sensitization.As a result of possible toxic
PCBs, oils containing PCBs have been used in a great variety by-products of combustion, refrigerants should be kept away
of applications. The most common use has been as a dielectric from open flame. Smoking should not be allowed in areas in
fluid in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equip- which refrigerants may leak to the atmosphere.
ment. The oil also has been used in many other situations
6.4 Used or Waste Oils:
including hydraulic equipment, paints, oil-soaked gasket
6.4.1 Description—Waste oils include a variety of oil prod-
material, and as a plasticizer in many other products. PCBs
ucts that have been contaminated through use or storage to the
havebeenbannedintheUnitedStatessincethemid-1970s,but
point at which they can no longer be used for their intended
materials manufactured after the ban have been found to
purpose. Many used oils can be recycled. This category does
contain them. Applications involving mobile forms of PCBs
not include water contaminated with small amounts of oil,
pose a much greater risk to personnel and the environment.
which is addressed in 6.7.
Typical shipboard materials that may contain mobile forms of
6.4.2 Uses—The primary sources of shipboard used or
PCBs include electrical equipment containing dielectric fluid,
waste oils are from hydraulic systems, engine room machinery,
oil-soaked gasket material, oil-soaked insulation material, and
lubricating systems, and fuel systems.
hydraulic fluids.
6.4.3 Test Methods—Tests for halogen content and flash
6.2.3 Test Methods:
point are the most common, but test procedures will vary
6.2.3.1 Sampling—Because of significant variation in the
depending on the intended disposal method and suspected
PCB content of similar materials, mixing or combining
contaminants.
samples prior to analysis is not recommended. Similarly,
6.4.4 Handling Precautions—Recycling may include
random samples cannot prove untested items either to contain
processes, such as reclamation, burning for energy recovery,
or to be free of PCBs. Liquid oils may be sampled using
reprocessing, or re-refining. The recycling potential of a used
Practices D923.
oil product will be dependent on the quantity of contaminants
6.2.3.2 Analysis—Materials may be analyzed using EPA
present. Contaminants may include arsenic, cadmium,
SW-846, Method 8080.
chromium, lead, PCBs, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or halogens
6.2.4 Handling Precautions—PCBs should only be handled
(chlorine, fluorine, and bromine). Unusually low flash points
by trained personnel. Protective equipment should be worn
also may limit recycling potential, as will the presence of
when handling PCBs, with particular attention to avoiding skin
dispersants or emulsifying agents. Table 1 summarizes poten-
and respiratory exposure. Work spaces should be well venti-
tialrecyclingproblemsassociatedwithavarietyofcommonoil
lated (3).
products.
6.3 Refrigerants:
6.5 Paint Products:
6.3.1 Description—Refrigerants present similar health and
6.5.1 Description—Paint often contains toxic constituents.
environmental dangers and may be discussed as a group. Many Intact paint typically poses little risk, but exposure to toxic
refrigerants are ozone-depleting substances. In general, refrig-
materials may occur during spraying, sanding, grinding,
erants are relatively safe and stable gases, but may displace burning, or abrasive blasting procedures with paints containing
oxygen to dangerously low levels when released into confined eventraceamountsoftoxicchemicals.Potentialtoxicconstitu-
spaces. Some refrigerants also may have acute toxic effects or ents in paint include fluoride salts and compounds of heavy
result in increased cardiac sensitization at high concentrations. metals. Toxic organic compounds such as benzene and toluene
6.3.2 Uses—Anumber of chemicals are used as refrigerants may be present in paint solvents. Toxic constituents are a
concern because of the need to protect those applying or
in shipboard air conditioning or refrigeration systems. Almost
all are halocarbons, with CFC 12 and HCFC 22 being the most disturbing paint and because of disposal concerns associat
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1799 − 97 (Reapproved 2009) F1799 − 97 (Reapproved 2015)An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1799; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Purpose—PurposeThis—This guide covers information for assisting shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling
complications during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of
certain materials disturbed during modification, maintenance, or disposal of systems or components may be costly or interrupt the
work schedule.
1.2 Objectives:Objectives:
1.2.1 This guide will describe materials that may be disturbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities, which may
result in costly or time-consuming removal or disposal actions.
1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to identify and record the locations of materials of concern for immediate
planning and future reference.
1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issues related to the handling and storage of materials described in this guide.
1.3 Considerations Beyond Scope:Considerations Beyond Scope:
1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carried as cargo or material stored onboard in prepackaged containers.
1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste products related to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such as sewage,
solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual products resulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge left in segregated
ballast tanks.
1.3.3 This guide does not provide a comprehensive index of test methods available for characterizing the materials discussed.
Test methods referenced or described should be considered as examples.
1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regulatory issues for any of the materials described.
1.3.5 This guide is not intended to address remediation concerns.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
E849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Asbestos (Withdrawn 1991)
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
ASHRAE Guideline 3,3 Reducing Emission of Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerants in Refrigeration and
Air-Conditioning Equipment and Applications
2.3 EPA Methods:
EPA 600/M4–82–020, Interim Method of the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples
EPA SW-846, Method 8080,8080 Organochlorine Pesticides and PCBs
EPA SW-846, Method 1311,1311 Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure
EPA SW-846, Method 8270,8270 Semi-Volatiles List
EPA SW-846, Method 8260,8260 Volatiles List
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.06 on Marine
Environmental Protection.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2010December 2015. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20042009
as F1799 - 97F1799 – 97 (2009).(2004). DOI: 10.1520/F1799-97R09.10.1520/F1799-97R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329.30329,
http://www.ashrae.org.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,
Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1799 − 97 (2015)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 audit, n—a process to identify waste materials associated with maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotiations,
or scrapping activities, some of which may be hazardous, with the goal of providing planning information about environmental,
health, and safety risks and related costs.
3.1.2 friable, n—a physical state in which a dry material can be easily crumpled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand
pressure.
3.1.3 mobile, adj—capable of being transported from one surface to another.
3.1.4 PCB, n—a class of chemicals comprised of polychlorinated biphenyls.
3.1.5 streaming agents, n—a type of chemical used to fight small, contained fires by directing the firefighting agent specifically
at the fire.
3.1.6 target materials, n—specific materials that the audit process will identify for evaluation.
3.1.7 waste oil, n—oil that cannot be reused or recycled.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Applicability—ApplicabilityThis—This guide is intended to describe a planning audit that will improve the shipowner’s
ability to forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns
associated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially hazardous shipboard materials.
4.2 Use—UseAudits—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a variety of events, including maintenance, repair,
modification, purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner,
with target materials identified during the planning process.
4.3 Caution—CautionLegal—Legal restrictions on the removal and disposal of materials discussed in this guide may vary
significantly from port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons for this variation include the decentralized nature
of port control, state, and local environmental regulations, and the local availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this
guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on specific legal requirements.
5. Procedure
5.1 Planning—PlanningObjectives—Objectives for the waste management audit should be established at the planning stage. A
well-planned audit will focus on target materials in critical locations to minimize audit costs. Waste management audits, therefore,
should be performed by environmental, health, and safety experts familiar with the specific objectives of the audit. Past audit
reports of the area and other documentation that may provide insight into material characterization should be reviewed to avoid
the expense of unnecessary tests. For example, construction specifications may characterize a particular material, eliminating the
need for testing. In some instances, inspection of the ship or interviews with personnel on-site may be beneficial in planning the
audit.
5.2 Testing—TestingMany—Many materials will require sampling and characterization tests. A sampling plan should be
followed by qualified and authorized personnel. Analysis performed by a qualified or certified laboratory may be required.
6. Potential Shipboard Generated Wastes
6.1 Asbestos:Asbestos:
6.1.1 Description—DescriptionAsbestos—Asbestos is the common name of a number of substances including amosite,
anthrophyllite, amphibole, and chrysotile (1). When asbestos becomes friable, it may be inhaled or swallowed, penetrating body
tissues and remaining there for many years. Exposure to asbestos has been linked to asbestosis, mesothelioma, and other cancers.
Exposure to cigarette smoke may increase the long-term risk of developing asbestos-related lung cancer by as much as 90 %.
6.1.2 Uses—UsesMany—Many common construction products contain asbestos, although use of the material in the United
States was significantly reduced during the 1970s. Likely products include pipe lagging and other types of insulation, vinyl tile
and linoleum, floor tile adhesives, cement sheet and fiberboard, brake pads and linings, and gasket materials, particularly for
high-temperature applications.
6.1.3 Test Methods (for Thermal Insulation) (2):Test Methods (for Thermal Insulation) (2):
6.1.3.1 Sampling—SamplingThe—The area to be sampled should be subdivided into homogeneous areas, and sampling of each
homogeneous area should be conducted in a statistically random manner. For surface materials, collect at least three samples for
2 2 2
each area under 1000 ft , at least five for areas between 1000 and 5000 ft , and at least seven for each area greater than 5000 ft .
For piping insulation, collect at least three samples from each homogeneous section of piping.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
F1799 − 97 (2015)
6.1.3.2 Analysis—AnalysisSamples—Samples should not be composited for analysis. Analysis of each sample should be
conducted using the Polarized Light Microscopy Method described in EPA 600/M4-82-020. Under current U.S. regulations, a
homogeneous area may be considered free of asbestos if all samples from that area are shown to contain less than 1 % of asbestos.
6.1.4 Handling Precautions (3)—Handling PrecautionsAsbestos (3)—Asbestos should only be handled by trained personnel. If
asbestos must be disturbed, the area should be isolated and well-labeled to protect employees not involved with the removal or
repair work. Protective clothing including disposable coveralls, gloves, goggles, and a respirator should be worn when handling
asbestos, and personnel should remove contaminated clothes and wash before leaving the work site. Material should be kept wet
to minimize potential for airborne fibers. Waste products should be stored in plastic bags in a sealed rigid container and protected
from physical damage. Asbestos material, including asbestos waste, should be stored in an isolated, regulated, and well-marked
area. Smoking, eating, drinking, chewing, or applying cosmetics should be avoided in areas in which asbestos exposure is likely.
Practice E849 provides additional details. Asbestos replacement materials also may pose environmental, safety, and health risks.
6.2 PCB-Contaminated Media:PCB-Contaminated Media:
6.2.1 Description—DescriptionPCBs—PCBs have many useful properties including high stability, low vapor pressure, low
flammability, high heat capacity, and low electrical conductivity. They are suspected carcinogens, however, and have been
associated with adverse health and reproductive effects. They also have a high potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. A
number of trade names exist for PCBs, including Aroclor, Asbestol, Chlorextol, Diaclor, and Dykanol (4).
6.2.2 Uses—UsesBecause—Because of the many positive characteristics of PCBs, oils containing PCBs have been used in a
great variety of applications. The most common use has been as a dielectric fluid in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical
equipment. The oil also has been used in many other situations including hydraulic equipment, paints, oil-soaked gasket material,
and as a plasticizer in many other products. PCBs have been banned in the United States since the mid-1970s, but materials
manufactured after the ban have been found to contain them. Applications involving mobile forms of PCBs pose a much greater
risk to personnel and the environment. Typical shipboard materials that may contain mobile forms of PCBs include electrical
equipment containing dielectric fluid, oil-soaked gasket material, oil-soaked insulation material, and hydraulic fluids.
6.2.3 Test Methods:Test Methods:
6.2.3.1 Sampling—SamplingBecause—Because of significant variation in the PCB content of similar materials, mixing or
combining samples prior to analysis is not recommended. Similarly, random samples cannot prove untested items either to contain
or to be free of PCBs. Liquid oils may be sampled using Practices D923.
6.2.3.2 Analysis—AnalysisMaterials—Materials may be analyzed using EPA SW-846, Method 8080.
6.2.4 Handling Precautions—Handling PrecautionsPCBs —PCBs should only be handled by trained personnel. Protective
equipment should be worn when handling PCBs, with particular attention to avoiding skin and respiratory exposure. Work spaces
should be well ventilated (3).
6.3 Refrigerants:Refrigerants:
6.3.1 Description—DescriptionRefrigerants—Refrigerants present similar health and environmental dangers and may be
discussed as a group. Many refrigerants are ozone-depleting substances. In general, refrigerants are relatively safe and stable gases,
but may displace oxygen to dangerously low levels when released into confined spaces. Some refrigerants also may have acute
toxic effects or result in increased cardiac sensitization at high concentrations.
6.3.2 Uses—UsesA—A number of chemicals are used as refrigerants in shipboard air conditioning or refrigeration systems.
Almost all are halocarbons, with CFC 12 and HCFC 22 being the most common of the traditional refrigerants. Concern for the
ozone- depleting potential of these substances has led to the introduction of another common refrigerant, HFC 134a.
6.3.3 Test Methods—Test MethodsIdentification —Identification of materials typically will not require testing. A quick review
of system technical manuals should reveal the refrigerant used in the system, and any bottles containing refrigerant gas should be
labeled.
6.3.4 Handling Precautions—Handling PrecautionsWork —Work on air conditioning and refrigeration systems should be
performed only by qualified personnel. Refrigerants should not be intentionally released to the atmosphere. Refrigerants present
in air conditioning or refrigeration equipment should be recovered and recycled (refrigerants typically have a high resale or
recycling value), as described in ASHRAE Guideline 3. If accidental release occurs, personnel should leave the area and avoid
inhaling vapors. Personnel requiring emergency medical attention following inhalation of refrigerants should not be given
catecholamine drugs, such as epinephrine, because of the potential for increased cardiac sensitization. As a result of possible toxic
by-products of combustion, re
...
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