ASTM D6469-11
(Guide)Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides information addressing the conditions that lead to fuel microbial contamination and biodegradation and the general characteristics of and strategies for controlling microbial contamination. It compliments and amplifies information provided in Practice D4418 on handling gas-turbine fuels. More detailed information may be found in the IP Guidelines and in ASTM Manual 47.
This guide focuses on microbial contamination in refined petroleum products and product handling systems. Uncontrolled microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems remains a largely unrecognized but costly problem at all stages of the petroleum industry from crude oil production through fleet operations and consumer use. This guide introduces the fundamental concepts of fuel microbiology and biodeterioration control.
This guide provides personnel who are responsible for fuel and fuel system stewardship with the background necessary to make informed decisions regarding the possible economic or safety, or both, impact of microbial contamination in their products or systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms, occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems. This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine, diesel, marine, furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifications D396, D910, D975, D1655, D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814, D6227, and D6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil and all liquid petroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 47 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it also provides a compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a general understanding of microbial fuel contamination.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6469 − 11
StandardGuide for
1
Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D130Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited
D396Specification for Fuel Oils
microbiological background with an understanding of the
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
symptoms, occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial
andOpaqueLiquids(andCalculationofDynamicViscos-
contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection
ity)
and control of microbial contamination in fuels and fuel
4
D515Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water
systems. This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation,
D664Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
boiler, industrial gas turbine, diesel, marine, furnace fuels and
by Potentiometric Titration
blend stocks (see Specifications D396, D910, D975, D1655,
D888Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814, D6227, and D6751), and fuel
D910Specification for Aviation Gasolines
systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply
D974Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
generally to crude oil and all liquid petroleum fuels. ASTM
2
Indicator Titration
Manual47 providesamoredetailedtreatmentoftheconcepts
D975Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
introducedinthisguide;italsoprovidesacompilationofallof
D1067Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
thestandardsreferencedhereinthatarenotfoundinthe Annual
D1126Test Method for Hardness in Water
Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five on Petroleum Products
D1293Test Methods for pH of Water
and Lubricants.
D1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
1.2 Thisguideisnotacompilationofalloftheconceptsand
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
general understanding of microbial fuel contamination.
D1331Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of
Solutions of Surface-Active Agents
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D1426Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. D1655Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D1744Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4
Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D1976Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D2068Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking Ten-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
dency
D2069Specification for Marine Fuels
2. Referenced Documents
D2274TestMethodforOxidationStabilityofDistillateFuel
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Oil (Accelerated Method)
D2276Test Method for Particulate Contaminant inAviation
Fuel by Line Sampling
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
D2880Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
ProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD02.14on
D3240Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally Turbine Fuels
´1
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6469–08 . DOI:
D3241Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of
10.1520/D6469-11.
Aviation Turbine Fuels
2
MNL 47, Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and
D3242Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed., ASTM International, 2003.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6469 − 11
D3325Practice for Preservation of Waterborne Oil Samples E1326GuideforEvaluatingNonconventionalMicrobiologi-
D3326Practi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D6469–08 Designation: D6469 – 11
Standard Guide for
1
Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Removed all instances of the acronym for Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester editorially in April 2010.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms,
occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of
microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems.This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine,
diesel, marine, furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifications D396, D910, D975, D1655, D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814,
D6227, and D6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil and all liquid
2
petroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 47 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it also provides
a compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a general
understanding of microbial fuel contamination.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
4
D515 Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water4
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
D1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), orAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum
Products by Hydrometer Method
D1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-Active Agents
D1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability
and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D6469–04. DOI:
10.1520/D6469-08E01.
´1
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6469–08 . DOI:
10.1520/D6469-11.
2
MNL 47, Fuel Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed., ASTM International, 2003.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6469 – 11
0
D1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent4
D1976 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-Couple
...
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