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ASTM E1165-92(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging

SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides instructions for determining the length and width dimensions of line focal spots in industrial X-ray tubes (see Note 1). This determination is based on the measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been radiographically recorded with a "pinhole" projection/imaging technique.
Note 1—Line focal spots are associated with vacuum X-ray tubes whose maximum voltage rating does not generally exceed 500 kV.
1.2 This test method may not yield meaningful results on focal spots whose nominal size is less than 0.3 mm (0.011 in.). (See Note 2.)
Note 2—The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominal focal spot dimensions.
1.3 This test method may also be used to determine the presence or extent of focal spot damage or deterioration that may have occurred due to tube age, tube overloading, and the like. This would entail the production of a focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole method) and an evaluation of the resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the like.
1.4 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-1992
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1165-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004

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ASTM E1165-92(2002) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingASTM E1165-92(2002) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
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ASTM E1165-92(2002) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1165–92(Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by
Pinhole Imaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ε) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method provides instructions for determining
thelengthandwidthdimensionsoflinefocalspotsinindustrial
X-ray tubes (see Note 1). This determination is based on the
measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been
radiographically recorded with a “pinhole” projection/imaging
technique.
NOTE 1—Line focal spots are associated with vacuum X-ray tubes
FIG. 1 Pinhole Diaphragm Design
whose maximum voltage rating does not generally exceed 500 kV.
1.2 This test method may not yield meaningful results on
3.1.1 actual focal spot—the X-ray producing area of the
focal spots whose nominal size is less than 0.3 mm (0.011 in.).
target as viewed from a position perpendicular to the target
(See Note 2.)
surface (see Fig. 2).
NOTE 2—The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominal
3.1.2 effective focal spot—the X-ray producing area of the
focal spot dimensions.
target as viewed from a position perpendicular to the tube axis
1.3 This test method may also be used to determine the
in the center of the X-ray beam (see Fig. 2).
presence or extent of focal spot damage or deterioration that
3.1.3 line focal spot—a focal spot whose projected pinhole
may have occurred due to tube age, tube overloading, and the
image consists primarily of two curved lines (see Fig. 3).
like. This would entail the production of a focal spot radio-
4. Significance and Use
graph (with the pinhole method) and an evaluation of the
resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the like.
4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic
1.4 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric
standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
unsharpness is dependent upon the focal size of the radiation
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
source, the distance between the source and the object to be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
radiographed, and the distance between the object to be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
radiographed and the film. This test method allows the user to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
determine the focal size of the X-ray source and to use this
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
result to establish source to object and object to film distances
appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of geometric
2. Referenced Documents
unsharpness.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Apparatus
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-
diographic Film Processing
5.1 Pinhole Diaphragm—The pinhole diaphragm shall con-
form to the design and material requirements of Table 1 and
3. Terminology
Fig. 1.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.2 Camera—The pinhole camera assembly consists of the
pinhole diaphragm, the shielding material to which it is affixed,
andanymechanismthatisusedtoholdtheshield/diaphragmin
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
position (jigs, fixtures, brackets, and the like; see Fig. 4).
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
5.3 Film—Industrial type extra fine grain. No intensifying
Current edition approved May 15, 1992. Published July 1992. Originally
screens are to be used. The film shall be processed in
published as E 1165 – 87. Last previous edition E 1165 – 87.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. accordance with Guide E 999.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1165–92 (2002)
FIG. 2 Actual/Effective Focal Spot
NOTE 1—During the production of X-rays the electrons are accelerated from the filament to the target in two separate paths (see Sketch 1). Electrons
emitted at the front of the filament travel primarily along PathA, and electrons emitted at the backside of the filament travel primarily along Path B. Note
that these two paths intersect at a certain point; this is the point at which the target is positioned.As a result, the pinhole picture of the focal spot shows
two lines that correspond with the intersections of Paths A and B at the target (see Sketch 2).
FIG. 3 Line Focal Spot
5.4 Image Measurement Apparatus—This apparatus is used spot being measured and the desired degree of image enlarge-
to measure the size of the image of the focal spot. The ment (see Fig. 5). The specified focal spot to pinhole distance
apparatus shall be an optical comparator with built-in graticule (FHD) for the different nominal focal spot size ranges is
with 0.1 mm or .001 in., or both divisions and magnification of provided in Table 2. Position the pinhole such that it is within
5X to 10X (or equivalent). 61° of the central axis of the X-ray beam. Fig. 6 illustrates a
typical focal spot exposure arrangement.
6. Procedure
NOTE 3—The accuracy of the pinhole system is highly dependent upon
6.1 If possible, use a standard 91.44 cm (36 in.) focal spot the relative distances between (and alignment of) the focal spot, the
pinhole, and the film. Accordingly, specially designed apparatus may be
to film plane distance (FFD) for all exposures. If machine
necessary in order to assure compliance with the above requirements. Fig.
geometry or accessibility limitations will not permit the use of
7 provides an example of a special collimator that can be used to ensure
a 91.44 cm (36 in.) FFD, use the maximum attainable FFD (in
conformance with the 61° alignment tolerance. Some other standards
these instances adjust the relative distances between focal spot,
impose very stringent alignment requirements and express these require-
pinhole, and film accordingly to suit the image enlargement
ments in terms of radial tolerances. These documents do not, however,
factors specified in Table 2). The distance between the focal
address any means for assuring compliance with such tolerances. In order
spot and the pinhole is based on the nominal size of the focal to simplify the focal spot radiography technique and to improve the
E1165–92 (2002)
A
TABLE 1 Pinhole Diaphragm Design Requirements (Dimension)
NOTE 1—The pinhole diaphragm shall be made from one of the following materials:
(1) An alloy of 90 % gold and 10 % platinum,
(2) Tungsten,
(3) Tungsten carbide,
(4) Tungsten alloy,
(5) Platinum and 10 % Iridium Alloy, or
(6) Tantalum.
Nominal Dimension of Nominal Diameter of Diaphragm Required “D” and “L” Dimensions, mm (in.)
B
Focal Spot, mm (in.) Opening, mm (in.) DL
0.3 to 1.2 (0.011 to 0.046) incl 0.030 (0.0011) 0.030 6 0.005 0.075 6 0.010
(0.0011 6 0.0002) (0.0029 6 0.0004)
>1.2 to 2.5 (0.046 to 0.097) incl 0.075 (0.0029) 0.075 6 0.005 0.350 6 0.010
(0.0029 6 0.0002) (0.014 6 0.0004)
>2.5 (0.097) 0.
...

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5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to the many materials and object configurations which may be penetrated with X-rays or gamma rays. The high degree of variation in architecture and performance among radioscopic systems due to component selection, physical arrangement, and object variables makes it necessary to establish the performance that the selected radioscopic system is capable of achieving in specific applications. The manufacturer or integrator of the radioscopic system, as well as the user, require a common basis for determining the performance level of the radioscopic system.  
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5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
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1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
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5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
5.1.1 The initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is ultimately binary in nature (that is, hit or miss).  
5.1.2 Discontinuity size is the predictor variable and can be accurately quantified.  
5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
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5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
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1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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