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ASTM E2374-04

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification

SCOPE
1.1 System performance verification methods stimulate the examination article on which the sensor is mounted. The resulting stress wave travels in the examination article and is detected by the sensor(s) in a manner similar to acoustic emission.
1.2 This guide describes methods which can be used to verify the response of an Acoustic Emission system including sensors, couplant, sensor mounting devices, cables and system electronic components.
1.3 Acoustic emission system performance characteristics, which may be evaluated using this document, include some waveform parameters, and source location accuracy.
1.4 Performance verification is usually conducted prior to beginning the examination.
1.5 Performance verification can be conducted during the examination if there is any suspicion that the system performance may have changed.
1.6 Performance verification may be conducted after the examination has been completed.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2004
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2374-10 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1930/E1930M-17 - Standard Practice for Examination of Liquid-Filled Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E976-15(2021) - Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1932-12(2022) - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2478-11(2022) - Standard Practice for Determining Damage-Based Design Stress for Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) Materials Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1419/E1419M-15a(2020) - Standard Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2075/E2075M-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2076/E2076M-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1067/E1067M-18 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1139/E1139M-17 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2191/E2191M-16 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E3100-22 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1888/E1888M-17 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Pressurized Containers Made of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic with Balsa Wood Cores
Effective Date
01-May-2004

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ASTM E2374-04 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance VerificationASTM E2374-04 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
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ASTM E2374-04 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E2374 – 04
Standard Guide for
1
Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2374; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic
Emission Sensors
1.1 System performance verification methods stimulate the
examination article on which the sensor is mounted. The
3. Terminology
resulting stress wave travels in the examination article and is
3.1 examination article—the item which is being examined
detected by the sensor(s) in a manner similar to acoustic
with AE and to which AE sensors are attached.
emission.
3.2 velocity—the measured velocity of a stress wave, trav-
1.2 This guide describes methods which can be used to
eling in the examination article, using specified AE system
verify the response of an Acoustic Emission system including
parameters and components. Velocity is often used in triangu-
sensors, couplant, sensor mounting devices, cables and system
lation calculations to determine the position of the AE source.
electronic components.
3.3 auto sensor test (AST)—an electronic means by which a
1.3 Acoustic emission system performance characteristics,
sensor can be fed an electronic pulse to excite the examination
which may be evaluated using this document, include some
article.The resulting stress wave in the examination article can
waveform parameters, and source location accuracy.
be measured by the same sensor or by other sensors that are on
1.4 Performance verification is usually conducted prior to
the same examination article. See 3.4 and 3.5.
beginning the examination.
3.4 auto sensor test-self test mode—a means by which an
1.5 Performance verification can be conducted during the
AST sensor may be used to check its own performance.
examination if there is any suspicion that the system perfor-
3.5 auto sensor test-near neighbor mode—a means by
mance may have changed.
which anAST sensor may be used to determine the sensitivity
1.6 Performance verification may be conducted after the
of one or more neighboring sensors on the same examination
examination has been completed.
article.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Significance and Use
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by
E750 Practice for CharacterizingAcoustic Emission Instru-
numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumenta-
mentation
tion, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-
article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and
tic Emission Sensor Response
the user’s settings of the acquisition parameters (for example,
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
threshold).
E1419 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,
4.2 This guide is not intended to replace annual (or semi-
Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
annual) instrumentation calibration (see Practice E750)or
sensor recertification (see Practice E1781).
4.3 This guide is not intended to replace routine electronic
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
evaluation of AE instrumentation or routine sensitivity verifi-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic
cation of AE sensors (see Guide E976).
Emission Method.
4.4 This guide is not intended to verify the maximum
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. DOI: 10.1520/
E2374-04.
processing capacity or speed of an AE system.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.5 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
concerns, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2374 – 04
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory situation the independent pulser is left in place and used
limitations prior to use. periodically to assure system performance.
5.1.3 AST Capable Integrated Pulser/Sensor—An AE sen-
5. Apparatus
sor that has been designed to accept an electronic signal/pulse
into its crystal. The mechanical displacement of the crystal
5.1 To determine system performance a sensor must b
...

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4.1 IEM Applications and Capabilities—IEM has been successfully applied to a wide range of NDT applications in the manufacture, maintenance, and repair of metallic and non-metallic parts. Examples of anomalies detected are discussed in 1.1 and 6.2. IEM has been proven to provide fast, cost-effective, and accurate NDT solutions in nearly all manufacturing, maintenance, or repair modalities. Examples of the successful application focuses include, but are not limited to: sintered powder metals, castings, forgings, stampings, ceramics, glass, wood, weldments, heat treatment, composites, additive manufacturing, machined products, and brazed products.  
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FIG. 1 IEM Tabletop Testing System Using a Non-Instrumented Impactor
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FIG. 3 Schematic of Impact Excitation Approach
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4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.  
4.3 Possible applications include the determination of part integrity, quality control assessment of production processes on a sampled or 100 % inspection basis, in-process examination during a period of applied load of a fabrication process (for example, spot welding, bonding, soldering, pressing, etc.), proof-testing after fabrication, monitoring a “region of interest” (or concern) of a structure (for example, bridge joint or repair, vessel, pipe), and re–examination after intervals of service.
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1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied load.  
1.3 Possible applications of this guide includes materials characterization, quality control of production processes, proof testing after fabrication, evaluating regions of interest of larger structures and retesting after intervals of service. The applied load may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional) internal pressure and thermal gradients.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation. The most obvious of these is the system sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave. Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures require a minimum of special equipment.  
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4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumentation, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and the user's settings of the acquisition parameters (for example, threshold).  
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4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
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1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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ASTM E1781/E1781M-20(Practice)
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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
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1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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Standard Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

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5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
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SCOPE
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1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off