ASTM D3218-07(2012)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
Standard Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
ABSTRACT
This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarn materials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofilaments. The direct yarn number in tex or in denier, tensile properties in terms of breaking force, breaking tenacity, elongation at break and initial modulus shall be determined from a sample material. The width, thickness, gloss, hot water shrinkage, resistance to ultraviolet radiation, stability to thermal oxidation and cleanliness of the material shall also be analyzed.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Acceptance Testing—The test methods in Specification D3218 for the determination of the properties of polyolefin monofilaments are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments, unless specified in the individual test method. These test methods are the best available and are used extensively in the trade.
If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more) comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarn materials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofilaments. While designed primarily for testing standard polyolefin monofilaments, many of the procedures can be used, with little or no modification, for other polyolefin monofilaments. However, testing on non-standard polyolefin monofilaments should be conducted with caution. See 3.1 for a definition of standard polyolefin monofilament.
1.2 Only on condition that interlaboratory precision data are available for the specific procedure is any test method described, or referenced in this specification, recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments.
1.3 The specification for polyolefin raw materials appears in Section 4.
1.4 The test methods for individual properties appear in the following sections:
PropertySection Breaking Force10 Breaking Tenacity10 Elongation10 Gloss13 Hot Water Shrinkage14 Initial Modulus10 Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness17 Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation15 Stability to Thermal Oxidation16 Tensile Properties10 Thickness 12 Width11 Yarn Number9
Note 1—In most instances, the suitability of these procedures for polymeric yarns in general, and polyolefin monofilaments in particular, is already accepted in commercial transactions (see 6.1).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification: This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D3218 −07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Specification for
Polyolefin Monofilaments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3218; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
test methods described in this specification: This standard may
1.1 This specification covers polyolefin monofilament yarn
involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This
materials, and test methods for standard polyolefin monofila-
standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,
ments.Whiledesignedprimarilyfortestingstandardpolyolefin
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
monofilaments,manyoftheprocedurescanbeused,withlittle
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
or no modification, for other polyolefin monofilaments.
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
However, testing on non-standard polyolefin monofilaments
tions prior to use.
should be conducted with caution. See 3.1 for a definition of
standard polyolefin monofilament.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 Onlyonconditionthatinterlaboratoryprecisiondataare 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
available for the specific procedure is any test method
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
described,orreferencedinthisspecification,recommendedfor
D374Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
acceptance testing of commercial shipments of polyolefin
lation (Withdrawn 2013)
monofilaments.
D1248Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Extrusion
1.3 Thespecificationforpolyolefinrawmaterialsappearsin Materials for Wire and Cable
Section 4. D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D1907Test Method for Linear Density ofYarn (Yarn Num-
1.4 The test methods for individual properties appear in the
ber) by the Skein Method
following sections:
D1921Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) of
Property Section
Plastic Materials
Breaking Force 10 D2146Specification for Propylene Plastic Molding and
Breaking Tenacity 10
Extrusion Materials (Withdrawn 1986)
Elongation 10
D2256Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
Gloss 13
Hot Water Shrinkage 14 Single-Strand Method
Initial Modulus 10
D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness 17
D2259Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation 15
Stability to Thermal Oxidation 16 D2565Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics In-
Tensile Properties 10
tended for Outdoor Applications
Thickness 12
D4101Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extru-
Width 11
Yarn Number 9
sion Materials
D4849Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
NOTE 1—In most instances, the suitability of these procedures for
E203Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer
polymeric yarns in general, and polyolefin monofilaments in particular, is
already accepted in commercial transactions (see 6.1).
Titration
G26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
(Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
standard; the values in English units are provided as informa-
of Nonmetallic Materials (Discontinued 2001) (With-
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
drawn 2000)
1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3218–07. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D3218-07R12. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3218−07 (2012)
2.2 Other Documents: 4.7.2 Total Moisture Content, when specified, shall be
Federal Test Method Standard No.141a,Sept. 1, 1965, determined in accordance with a method to be agreed upon
Section 6000, Method6101 “60-Degree Specular Gloss” between the purchaser and the supplier. The technique illus-
Technical Report 24—“A Rapid Method for the Determi- trated in Eastman Technical Report 24, based on gas chroma-
nation of Moisture in Pigmented Polyethylene Coating tography of vaporized moisture, is an acceptable analytical
Materials,” Eastman Chemical Products Inc. approach.
TEST METHODS
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
5. Summary
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
5.1 Summaries of the various testing procedures are in-
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
cluded in the referenced test methods, or in pertinent sections
breakingforce,drawratio,drawing,elongationatbreak,gloss,
of this specification.
heat shrinkage, initial modulus, monofilament, polyolefin,
resistance to ultraviolet radiation, polyolefin-material
6. Significance and Use
cleanliness, stability to thermal oxidation, standard polyolefin
6.1 Acceptance Testing—The test methods in Specification
monofilament, tape yarn.
D3218 for the determination of the properties of polyolefin
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
monofilaments are considered satisfactory for acceptance test-
Terminology D123.
ing of commercial shipments of polyolefin monofilaments,
unless specified in the individual test method. These test
4. Polyolefin-Monofilament Raw Materials
methods are the best available and are used extensively in the
trade.
4.1 Polyolefin Monofilaments shall be made from either
6.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-
polypropylene as specified in 4.2, or polyethylene as specified
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more)
in 4.3.
comparativetestshouldbeperformedtodetermineifthereisa
4.2 Polypropylene shall meet the requirements for Group 1
statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-
or 2, as detailed in Specification D4101.
tance.As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as
4.3 Polyethyleneshallhavea densityhigherthan940kg/m possible,drawnfromthematerialfromwhichthedisparatetest
and shall meet the requirements for polyethylene plastics, as
resultswereobtained,andrandomlyassignedinequalnumbers
detailed in Specification D1248.
to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two
laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for
4.4 Flow Rate of the polyolefin materials shall be agreed
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
uponbythepurchaserandthesupplier,andshallbedetermined
series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and
as directed in either Specification D1248 or D2146, whichever
corrected or future test results for that material must be
is applicable.
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
4.5 Particle Size—Shipments of polyolefin raw materials
may be rated for particle size. When specified, particle size
7. Sampling and Number of Specimens
shall be determined by the multi-sieve analysis described in
7.1 Take samples as directed in the applicable material
Method A of Test Methods D1921.
specification, or as agreed upon by the purchaser and the
4.6 Polyolefin-Material Cleanliness—Although resin clean-
supplier. In the absence of an applicable material specification,
liness is not a structural or chemical characteristic, shipments
orotheragreement,takealotsampleandlaboratorysamplesas
may be advisable to rate shipments for the amount of foreign
directed in Practice D2258.
matter in, or on, delivered polyolefin raw materials.
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
4.6.1 When specified, polyolefin-material cleanliness shall
purchaserandthesupplierrequirestakingintoaccountvariabilitybetween
be determined by the procedure described in Section 17 of this
shipping units, between packages, or ends within a shipping unit, and
specification. betweenspecimensfromasinglepackagesoastoprovideasamplingplan
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
4.7 Moisture Content—Some monofilament-extrusion pro-
level, and limiting quality level.
cesses may be sensitive to slight amounts of moisture, inher-
7.2 The required number of specimens is covered in the
ently or otherwise present in the polyolefin raw material. In
referenced methods, or in the pertinent sections.
such cases, shipments may be rated for moisture content.
4.7.1 Superficial Moisture Content of polyolefin materials,
8. Conditioning
when specified, shall be determined in accordance with the
8.1 Expose the specimens in the standard atmosphere for
Procedure for Insoluble Solids in Test Method E203.
testing textiles, as defined in Practice D1776; except that it is
not essential to control humidity.
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS. The Gardner Automatic Photometer Unit, Model AUX-3, available from
Available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., Subsidiary of Eastman GardnerLaboratory,Inc.,P.O.Box5728(5221LandyLane),Bethesda,MD20014,
Kodak Co., P. O. Box 431, Kingsport, TN 37662. or its equivalent, has been found satisfactory for this method.
D3218−07 (2012)
9. Yarn Number 11.5.1 Adjust the microscope to the design magnification of
25×.
9.1 Procedure—Determine the direct yarn number in tex or
11.5.2 Place a specimen of the monofilament on the micro-
deniertothreesignificantfiguresasdirectedinOption1ofTest
scope stage, and set the scale of the eyepiece perpendicular to
Method D1907.
the long axis of the monofilament specimen.
9.2 Report:
11.5.3 Measure the width of the specimen monofilament, to
9.2.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in
the nearest eyepiece division. Repeat the width measurement
Section 9 of Specification D3218. Describe the material or
three times, on different segments of the same specimen.
product sampled and the method of sampling used.
Record the three width measurements.
9.2.2 Report the direct yarn number in tex, or in denier.
11.5.4 Test four monofilament specimens.
10. Tensile Properties
11.6 Calculation:
11.6.1 Calculatetheaveragewidthofthefourspecimens,in
10.1 Apparatus—Tensiletestingmachineofatypeasspeci-
micrometers or mils, to three significant digits, using Eq 2:
fied in Test Method D2256. All types of tensile machines
describedinTestMethodD2256areadequatetotestpolyolefin
¯
X 5 ~ X!F/12 (2)
(
monofilaments with a draw ratio between 5:1 and 7:1. Poly-
where:
olefinmonofilamentswithdrawratiosoutsidethisrangecannot
¯
be tested with assurance of correct results, by all tensile
X = average width of the four monofilaments,
machines specified in Test Method D2256.
∑X = sumofthetwelveobservedindividualmeasurements,
in eyepiece units, and
10.2 Procedure—Determine the breaking force, the break-
F = conversion factor, as derived in 11.4.
ing tenacity, and the elongation of adequately conditioned
polyolefin monofilaments, using configuration A, condition 1 11.7 Report:
of Test Method D2256.
11.7.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in
Section 11 of Specification D3218. Describe the material or
10.3 Report:
product sampled and the method of sampling used.
10.3.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in
11.7.2 Report the average width of the four specimens, in
Section 10 of Specification D3218. Describe the material or
micrometers or mils.
product sampled and the method of sampling used.
10.3.2 Report the following information for each laboratory
11.8 Precision and Bias:
sampling unit and for the lot:
11.8.1 Precision—The precision of this test method has not
10.3.2.1 Breaking force,
been established.
10.3.2.2 Breaking tenacity,
11.8.2 Bias—The procedure in Specification D3218 for
10.3.2.3 Elongationatbreak,asapercentageofthenominal
testing width has no known bias and is generally used as a
gage length, and
reference method.
10.3.2.4 Initial modulus.
12. Thickness
11. Width
12.1 Scope—This test method covers the determination of
11.1 Scope—This test method covers the measurement of
the thickness of flat polyolefin monofilaments, by a microm-
the width of polyolefin monofilaments, by means of a cali-
eter.
brated microscope.
12.2 Procedure:
11.2 Summary of Test Method—Aspecimenisplacedonthe
12.2.1 Determine the thickness of the monofilaments, as
microscope stage and is viewed under a magnification of 25×.
directed in Method C of Test Methods D374. If it is necessary
The width of the specimen is measured using a reticle scaled
to test very narrow monofilaments, or round filaments, lay out
eyepiece or filar micrometer eyepiece.
several parallel specimens on the anvil.
11.3 Apparatus:
12.2.2 Measure the thickness of the specimen to the nearest
11.3.1 Microscope designed for a magnification of 25×.
2.5 µm (0.1 mil). Repeat the thickness measurement three
With an eyepiece having a calibrated linear grid.
times on different segments of the same specimen. Record the
11.4 Calibration of Apparatus—Adjust the microscope, to
three thickness measurements.
secure the design magnification of 25×, and measure the total
12.2.3 Make four tests for a total of 16 observations.
eyepiecescaleusingastagemicrometer,graduatedinmicrom-
12.3 Calculation:
eters or mils. Calculate the conversion factor, F, to convert the
12.3.1 Calculate the average thickness of the four
eyepiece units to mils, using Eq 1:
specimens, in µm (mils), to two significant figures.
F 5 M/N (1)
12.4 Report:
where:
12.4.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in
M = stage micrometer readings, in micrometers (mils), and
Section 12 of Specification D3218. Describe the material or
N = corresponding number of units in the eyepiece grid.
product sampled and the method of sampling used.
11.5 Procedure: 12.4.2 Report the average thickness of the four specimens.
D3218−07 (2012)
12.5 Precision and Bias—The precision and bias of the 13.4.4 Remove the board from the winder and turn the
procedures in Specification D3218 for testing thickness are as boardtothepositiondescribedin13.4.1.Wrapthelastlayerof
specified in Test Methods D374. yarn (third layer) in the same manner described in 13.4.2 for
the first layer.
13. Gloss 13.4.5 Place the gloss-meter on the monofilament specimen
(yar
...
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