ASTM C1300-95(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware Materials by Interferometric Method
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware Materials by Interferometric Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method defines the thermal expansion of glaze frits by the interferometric method. This determination is critical in avoiding crazing (cracking) of these glass coatings due to mismatching of the thermal expansion between the coating and substrate materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the interferometric determination of linear thermal expansion of premelted glaze frits and fired ceramic whiteware materials at temperatures lower than 1000 °C (1830 °F).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1300 − 95 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Glaze Frits and Ceramic
Whiteware Materials by Interferometric Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Apparatus
3,4
4.1 Sample Preparation Equipment:
1.1 This test method covers the interferometric determina-
tion of linear thermal expansion of premelted glaze frits and 4.1.1 Glazed Porcelain Crucible, No. 0.
4.1.2 Fireclay Crucible, 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter.
fired ceramic whiteware materials at temperatures lower than
1000 °C (1830 °F). 4.1.3 Rotating Abrasive Grinding Wheel (a silicon carbide
type is satisfactory).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 Micrometer Calipers, having a sensitivity such that the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- index can be read to 0.002 mm (0.0001 in.).
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.3 Measuring Apparatus, consisting of fused silica inter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ferometer plates, viewing apparatus, an electric furnace and
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
control, potentiometer, pyrometer, and a suitable monochro-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
matic light source of known wavelength.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.3.1 Furnace—The furnace shall be a vertical electric tube
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
furnace controlled by rheostat or other means so that the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
heating rate of the furnace can be readily duplicated from room
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
temperature to 1000 °C (1830 °F). The heating rate shall not
exceed 3 °C (5.5 °F)⁄min.
2. Referenced Documents
4.3.2 Temperature-measuring Instrument—A calibrated
platinum versus platinum-rhodium thermocouple (or a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E289 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Chromel versus Alumel thermocouple if it is frequently cali-
brated) in conjunction with a potentiometer shall be used. The
Solids with Interferometry
potentiometer shall be capable of being read to 2 °C (or 4 °F)
and shall have automatic compensation for the temperature of
3. Significance and Use
the reference junction, or the reference junction shall be held at
3.1 This test method defines the thermal expansion of glaze
0 °C (32 °F) by means of an ice bath.
frits by the interferometric method. This determination is
critical in avoiding crazing (cracking) of these glass coatings
5. Test Specimens
due to mismatching of the thermal expansion between the
5.1 For frit samples, three test specimens shall be prepared
coating and substrate materials.
as follows:
5.1.1 Fill a No. 0 glazed porcelain crucible with frit, place
the filled crucible inside a 102 mm (4-in.) diameter fireclay
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns. An example of suitable test equipment and an inferometric method may be
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally found in the paper by Merritt, G. E., “The Interference Method of Measuring
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C1300 – 95 (2016). Thermal Expansion,” Journal of Research - National Bureau of Standards RP515,
DOI: 10.1520/C1300-95R20. Vol 10, No. 1, January 1933, p. 59.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Adescription of a permissible automatic fringe recording device may be found
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM in the paper by Saunders, J. B., “An Apparatus for Photographing Interference
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Phenomenon,”JournalofResearch-NationalBureauofStandardsRP1668,Vol35,
the ASTM website. No. 3, September 1945, p. 157.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1300 − 95 (2020)
crucible partly filled with silica, and work the small crucible perature measuring system. Both temperature values and heat-
down into the silica until approximately 75 % of the small ing rates shall be so corrected if differences exist.
crucible is below the level of the silica.
5.1.2 Place the crucible assembly into a furnace that is at a 7. Procedure
temperaturehighenoughtojustmeltthemass.Holdfor15min
7.1 Assemble (outside the furnace) the three test pieces
after the frit has reached the furnace temperature.
prepared as described in Section 5 between the two interfer-
5.1.3 Remove the crucible, rapidly transfer it to another
ometer plates as follows:
furnace that is at the frit firing temperature, and cool in the
7.1.1 Place the plate with the one frosted side down within
furnace at a rate not to exceed 60 °C (110 °F)⁄h.
the refractory specimen crucible.
5.1.4 Break the small crucible open and break up the
7.1.2 Place the three test pieces on this plate in an equilat-
vitreous mass. Select six fragments from the interior of the
eral triangle.
mass (to avoid side portions diluted by the ceramic crucible)
7.1.3 Lower the clear plate onto the test pieces keeping the
having minimum conical dimensions of 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) at the
mark or notch identifying the “wedge side” in the “up”
base and 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) high.
position.
5.2 For fired samples, break and select six samples having
7.1.4 Set this assembly at a height comparable to that to be
minimum conical dimensions of 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) at the base and
used inside the furnace.
6mm( ⁄4 in.) in height. For all samples, grind the base of the
7.2 Rotate the telescope and center it over the test specimen
(cones) flat and cement the flat cone base to the flat end of a
assembly. Direct the monochromatic light source down the
glass rod with heated sealing wax. Grind the piece to a finished
tube. If four to eight fringes are present, the setup is correct. If
cone by rotating the rod while the piece is held against a
fewer or more fringes are present, adjust the cone heights. In
rotating abrasive wheel (a silicon carbide type is satisfactory).
some cases, mere tapping of the specimen assembly will
5.2.1 When a reasonably symmetrical cone with a rounded
produce the correct number of fringes. Carefully measure and
tip is obtained, remove it from the rod by heating the wax or by
record the height of each cone. Upon achieving the proper
pressure with the fingertips. Remove all sealing wax with a
number of fringes, place the refractory ring cover on the
knife blade or abrasive paper.
crucible and recheck for fringes.
5.2.2 The test cone height may be of the order of 4.8 mm
( ⁄16 in.). These bases must be smooth and flat. Use No. 0 7.3 Without rotating the crucible, gently lower it into the
metallurgical paper to approach the desired figure and then use
furnace and onto the bottom support so that the thermocouple
successively finer papers until the final reduction is made with rests at the bottom of the crucible. Cover the top of the furnace
a No. 3/0 paper.
with a quartz plate.
7.4 Rotate the telescope and check the fringe pattern. If
6. Calibration of Furnace
excessive glare or poor contrast are present, adjust by moving
6.1 Using the following procedure, calibrate the furnace
the quartz cover, moving the light source, or releveling the
controls to obtain a heating rate of 3 °C (5.5 °F)⁄min:
telescope.
6.1.1 Prepare three conical spacers closely approximating
NOTE 1—Removal of the telescope eyepiece should reveal a bright dot,
the dimensions of the final test pieces described in Section 5.
which is the true image. This must be in the field or no fringes will be
These spacers shall be ground from
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