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ASTM E1360-90(2000)e1

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System

Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a means for specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales. Both computational and visual methods are included. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces, viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision.
1.2 This practice does not cover the preparation of specimens. If the preparation of specimens is required in conjunction with this practice, a mutually agreed upon procedure shall be established.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-2000
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.07 - Color Order Systems
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1360-05 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM D5382-02(2017) - Standard Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3134-15(2019) - Standard Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM E1499-16(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000
Referred By
ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
10-Jul-2000

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ASTM E1360-90(2000)e1 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales SystemASTM E1360-90(2000)e1 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
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ASTM E1360-90(2000)e1 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation: E 1360 – 90 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Practice for
Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America
Uniform Color Scales System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1360; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in July 2000.
INTRODUCTION
TheOpticalSocietyofAmericaUniformColorScales(OSA-UCS)weredevelopedbyacommittee
oftheOpticalSocietyofAmericaintheyearsbetween1947and1974inanefforttoprovideasystem
andasetofsamplesthatrepresenttheclosestpossibleapproximationtoequalvisualspacing(1). The
system is defined by a set of equations derived from the results of visual scaling experiments and
relatedtothe1964CIEsystem.TheOSAsamplesetconsistsof558atlassamplesthatfallatthelattice
points of a rhombohedral close-packed arrangement within the color space defined by the equations.
Theunitinthisspacingisacuboctahedron,eachcolorbeingsurroundedbytwelveequidistantnearest
neighbors. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows a OSA-UCS lightness plane plotted on the CIE 1964
chromaticity diagram. The OSA-UCS system is described in Appendix X1.
The system is independent of the OSA-UCS atlas samples, and other groups of samples could be
chosenwithinthedefinedcolorspace;however,forthevisualdeterminationofcolorsdescribedinthis
standard the OSA set of samples is used.
1. Scope E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
1.1 This practice provides a means for specifying the colors
Using the CIE System
of objects in terms of the Optical Society ofAmerica Uniform
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
Color Scales. Both computational and visual methods are
Object-Color Evaluation
included. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as
painted surfaces, viewed in daylight by an observer having
3. Terminology
normal color vision.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 This practice does not cover the preparation of speci-
3.1.1 chromaticness, n—an attribute of a visual sensation
mens. If the preparation of specimens is required in conjunc-
combining hue and chroma; the visual correlate of the colori-
tion with this practice, a mutually agreed upon procedure shall
metric quantity chomaticity.
be established.
3.1.2 hue, n—the attribute of color perception by means of
2. Referenced Documents which an object is judged to be red, yellow, green, blue, or
intermediate between some adjacent pair of these. In the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
OSA-UCS system each hue is denoted by its angle within a
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-
360° circle beginning in the yellow direction on the right hand
tem
sideofthehuecircleandproceedingcounterclockwisethrough
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
the greens, blues, and reds to return to the yellow hue, 360, on
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
the+j axis.
3.1.3 OSA-UCS color system, n—Optical Society of
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E 12 on Color and America Uniform Color Scales color order system based on
Appearanceand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.07 on Color Order
equality of visual spacing, which uses the lightness scale 6L
Systems US TAG TC 187.
and the opponent-color scales 6j (yellowness-blueness) and6
Current edition approved May 25, 1990. Published August 1990.
g(greenness-redness).AcolorintheOSA-UCSsystemmaybe
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this practice.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1360
NOTE 1—Cuboctahedron of Fig. 1 showing a typical vertical plane ()
and a typical oblique plane (.) containing nearest-neighbor colors.
From Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., “Survey of Color Order Systems,” Color
Research and Application, Vol 12, (10). Copyright r 1987, John Wiley &
Sons.
FIG. 2 Cuboctahedron Showing Vertical and Oblique Planes
NOTE 1—CIE 1964 (x , y )-chromaticity diagram showing chroma-
10 10
ticitypoints(j,g)ofcolorsofOSAColorSystemforlightnesslevelL=0.
The chromaticity point N is that of the nominal gray (D ) in the system.
From Wyszecki, G., and Stiles, W. S., Color Science, 2nd ed., (11).
Copyrightr 1982, John Wiley & Sons.
FIG. 3 OSA L = O Plane on the CIE 1964 Chromaticity Diagram
3.1.4 OSA-UCS samples, n—current Optical Society of
America physical exemplification of the OSA-UCS color
system, consisting of 558 samples displayed in a face-centered
lattice in three-dimensional space such that each interior
samplehas12nearestneighborsatequalintervalsfromit.This
configuration is sometimes referred to as a cuboctahedral or
rhombohedral lattice.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 The definitions in Practice D1535 and Definitions
E284 are applicable to this practice.
4. Summary of Practice
NOTE 1—Cuboctahedron showing location of L, j, and g axes through
its center and the locations and L, j, g coordinates of the center point and
4.1 Computation Method—CIE 1964 tristimulus values for
its12nearestneighbors.ThelatticeoftheOSA-UCSsystemisderivedby
standard illuminant D and the 1964 supplementary (10°)
extending this unit in all directions to the extremes of color space. In this
standard observer are obtained from spectrophotometric or
drawing horizontal nearest-neighbor planes are emphasized with heavy
colorimetric measurements. See Practice E308 and Practice
lines.FromBillmeyer,F.W.,Jr.,“SurveyofColorOrderSystems,” Color
Research and Application, Vol 12, (10). Copyright r 1987, John Wiley & E1164. Transformation equations (3) from CIE 1964 tristimu-
Sons.
lus values to OSA-UCS notations are given in Section 7, and
FIG. 1 Cuboctahedron Showing Axes and Horizontal Planes
the OSA-UCS notations and CIE specifications of the OSA
atlas samples are given in Table 1.
4.2 Visual Method—Observers must have normal color
describedbyitsL,j,gnotationorbyitslightness,L;hueangle,
vision. Specimens should be viewed on an essentially nonse-
h , and chroma, c , designation. lectivegraybackgroundof30%luminousreflectance,equiva-
OSA OSA
lent to the OSA-UCS notationL=0,j=0,g=0, abbreviated
NOTE 1—The conventional terms yellowness, greenness, blueness, and
as (0,0,0), and illuminated with natural or artificial daylight.
redness are used throughout this practice for convenience. However, this
OSA-UCS atlas samples are used as references in judging
does not imply that the j and g axes indicate the locations of the
test-specimen color.
corresponding unitary hues: The+j axis closely approximates the direc-
tion toward unitary yellow; but the+g axis divides the green and blue
5. Significance and Use
regions, the−j axis divides the blue and purple regions, and the− g axis
5.1 Notational systems that specify and identify colors have
locates pinks and magentas. It is probably best to think of j and g as
abstract symbols unassociated with color names (2). provedtobeveryuseful.Thispracticedescribeshowtoassign
E 1360
anOSA-UCSnotationtoacolorspecimen.Thisnotationgives 6.2 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as described in Prac-
its position within the color space determined by the Optical tice D1729 or equivalent. A source simulating CIE standard
Society of America Committee on Uniform Color Scales to
illuminant D is preferred.
representtheclosestpossibleapproximationtoacolorspacein
which equal distances equate to equal visually perceived
differences. The cuboctahedral sampling fills the color space
with a more closely spaced set of samples than would a cubic
lattice or samples placed on polar coordinates.
6. Apparatus (Visual Method)
6.1 OpticalSocietyofAmericaUniformColorScales,setof
558 samples.
Available from the Optical Society ofAmerica, 2010 MassachusettsAve., NW,
Washington, DC 20036.
TABLE 1 CIE Specification for OSA-UCS Notations
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
−7 −3 −1 3.22 0.2588 0.2169 0 −6 10.29 0.4236 0.2940
−3 1 3.24 0.2152 0.2251 0 −4 10.83 0.3875 0.3053
0 −2 11.25 0.3511 0.3176
−1 −1 3.54 0.3113 0.2841 0 0 11.53 0.3139 0.3309
−1 1 3.59 0.2569 0.3002 0 2 11.61 0.2756 0.3455
0 4 11.45 0.2357 0.3617
1 −1 3.79 0.3783 0.3571
1 1 3.92 0.3147 0.3858 2 −8 9.49 0.5132 0.3159
2 −6 10.27 0.4751 0.3304
−6 −4 −2 4.85 0.2656 0.2044 2 −4 11.00 0.4363 0.3461
−4 0 4.89 0.2304 0.2101 2 −2 11.62 0.3968 0.3631
−4 2 4.88 0.1960 0.2164 2 0 12.04 0.3564 0.3816
2 2 12.18 0.3145 0.4023
−2 −4 5.05 0.3508 0.2471 2 4 11.97 0.2699 0.4262
−2 −2 5.22 0.3090 0.2565
−2 0 5.32 0.2665 0.2670 4 −8 9.06 0.5677 0.3432
−2 2 5.32 0.2239 0.2783 4 −6 9.97 0.5289 0.3627
4 −4 10.89 0.4883 0.3837
0 −6 4.85 0.4574 0.2841 4 −2 11.70 0.4466 0.4063
0 −4 5.24 0.4103 0.2981 4 0 12.29 0.4038 0.4310
0 −2 5.56 0.3626 0.3136 4 2 12.52 0.3592 0.4590
0 0 5.75 0.3139 0.3309 4 4 12.29 0.3110 0.4927
0 2 5.78 0.2632 0.3505
−3 −5 −1 13.44 0.2529 0.2238
2 −6 5.00 0.5240 0.3260 −5 1 13.48 0.2276 0.2287
2 −4 5.24 0.4774 0.3475 −5 3 13.45 0.2025 0.2339
2 −2 5.73 0.4249 0.3710
2 0 6.06 0.3709 0.3974 −3 −5 13.71 0.3372 0.2488
2 2 6.13 0.3139 0.4283 −3 −3 14.01 0.3088 0.2552
−3 −1 14.21 0.2802 0.2621
−5 −5 −1 6.97 0.2402 0.1997 −3 1 14.30 0.2515 0.2694
−5 1 6.99 0.2114 0.2044 −3 3 14.27 0.2224 0.2772
−5 3 6.96 0.1829 0.2095 −3 5 14.11 0.1930 0.2855
−3 −3 7.35 0.3069 0.2380 −1 −7 13.63 0.4063 0.2760
−3 −1 7.48 0.2723 0.2454 −1 −5 14.18 0.3754 0.2845
−3 1 7.52 0.2375 0.2533 −1 −3 14.64 0.3442 0.2937
−3 3 7.48 0.2027 0.2619 −1 −1 14.97 0.3126 0.3035
−1 1 15.14 0.2805 0.3140
−1 −5 7.42 0.3907 0.2740 −1 3 15.12 0.2476 0.3254
−1 −3 7.76 0.3516 0.2848 −1 5 14.89 0.2136 0.3377
−1 −1 8.00 0.3122 0.2965
−1 1 8.10 0.2720 0.3093 1 −9 12.89 0.4840 0.2981
−1 3 8.05 0.2305 0.3233 1 −7 13.71 0.4510 0.3089
1 −5 14.47 0.4176 0.3206
1 −7 6.95 0.4886 0.3026 1 −3 15.13 0.3839 0.3329
1 −5 7.53 0.4463 0.3171 1 −1 15.62 0.3496 0.3465
1 −3 8.04 0.4034 0.3329 1 1 15.90 0.3146 0.3609
1 −1 8.43 0.3596 0.3503 1 3 15.90 0.2782 0.3771
E 1360
TABLE 1 Continued
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
1 1 8.62 0.3147 0.3695 1 5 15.57 0.2397 0.3950
1 3 8.56 0.2670 0.3916
3 −9 12.53 0.5328 0.3256
3 −7 6.67 0.5505 0.3363 3 −7 13.53 0.4984 0.3399
3 −5 7.39 0.5063 0.3568 3 −5 14.50 0.4631 0.3553
3 −3 8.08 0.4604 0.3791 3 −3 15.37 0.4272 0.3717
3 −1 8.65 0.4132 0.4035 3 −1 16.05 0.3906 0.3893
3 1 8.96 0.3646 0.4307 3 1 16.46 0.3581 0.4087
3 3 8.89 0.3127 0.4631 3 3 16.49 0.3139 0.4305
3 5 16.03 0.2716 0.4561
−4 −4 −2 10.12 0.2758 0.2303
−4 0 10.20 0.2465 0.2362 5 −7 13.07 0.5465 0.3666
−4 2 10.21 0.2172 0.2425 5 −5 14.21 0.5104 0.3863
−4 4 10.13 0.1881 0.2492 5 −3 15.28 0.4732 0.4073
5 −1 16.17 0.4349 0.4299
−2 −4 10.45 0.3435 0.2642 5 1 16.72 0.3956 0.4548
−2 −2 10.72 0.3104 0.2726 5 3 16.78 0.3543 0.4837
−2 0 10.88 0.2770 0.2818 5 5 16.20 0.3092 0.5189
−2 2 10.91 0.2430 0.2914
−2 4 10.80 0.2084 0.3022
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
−2 −6 0 17.31 0.2354 0.2183 1 −9 22.22 0.4541 0.3038
−6 2 17.31 0.2133 0.2225 1 −7 23.26 0.4268 0.3129
1 −5 24.20 0.3993 0.3226
−4 −2 18.10 0.2824 0.2474 1 −3 25.00 0.3714 0.3330
−4 0 18.23 0.2574 0.2531 1 −1 25.60 0.3432 0.3439
−4 2 18.26 0.2323 0.2591 1 1 25.96 0.3145 0.3555
−4 4 18.18 0.2071 0.2655 1 3 26.02 0.2849 0.3682
1 5 25.75 0.2541 0.3820
−2 −6 18.09 0.3658 0.2683
−2 −4 18.58 0.3386 0.2754 3 −9 21.97 0.4933 0.3291
−2 −2 18.96 0.3112 0.2829 3 −7 23.24 0.4646 0.3408
−2 0 19.19 0.2836 0.2910 3 −5 24.42 0.4357 0.3529
−2 2 19.27 0.2555 0.2995 3 −3 25.46 0.4063 0.3659
−2 4 19.16 0.2268 0.3086 3 −1 26.26 0.3764 0.3797
−2 6 18.87 0.1977 0.3182 3 1 26.77 0.3459 0.3946
3 3 26.89 0.3144 0.4109
0 −10 16.86 0.4609 0.2831 3 5 26.54 0.2812 0.4292
0 −8 17.71 0.4320 0.2914
0 −6 18.50 0.4029 0.3004 5 −9 21.43 0.5332 0.3520
0 −4 19.19 0.3736 0.3099 5 −7 22.89 0.5039 0.3664
0 −2 19.73 0.3440 0.3200 5 −5 24.31 0.4738 0.3815
0 0 20.10 0.3139 0.3309 5 −3 25.58 0.4432 0.3975
0 2 20.24 0.2831 0.3426 5 −1 26.60 0.4119 0.4146
0 4 20.12 0.2512 0.3553 5 1 27.26 0.3801 0.4330
0 6 19.71 0.2180 0.3692 5 3 27.45 0.3470 0.4535
5 5 27.01 0.3119 0.4773
2 −10 16.59 0.5043 0.3094
2 −8 17.65 0.4739 0.3203 7 −9 20.62 0.5724 0.3707
2 −6 18.66 0.4430 0.3320 7 −7 22.22 0.5431 0.3883
2 −4 19.57 0.4118 0.3443 7 −5 23.82 0.5127 0.4067
2 −2 20.32 0.3801 0.3577 7 −3 25.31 0.4814 0.4261
2 0 20.84 0.3479 0.3719 7 −1 26.55 0.4493 0.4468
2 2 21.07 0.3147 0.3874 7 1 27.38 0.4165 0.4694
2 4 20.93 0.2800 0.4046 7 3 27.63 0.3823 0.4948
2 6 20.35 0.2430 0.4243 7 5 27.09 0.3460 0.5249
4 −10 16.06 0.5486 0.3328 0 −6 0 26.50 0.2457 0.2349
4 −8 17.28 0.5175 0.3468 −6 2 26.52 0.2260 0.2391
4 −6 18.50 0.4853 0.3618
4 −4 19.64 0.4525 0.3775 −4 −2 27.49 0.2872 0.2598
4 −2 20.61 0.4192 0.3942 −4 0 27.68 0.2655 0.2652
4 0 21.32 0.3851 0.4124 −4 2 27.75 0.2437 0.2708
4 2 22.65 0.3500 0.4324 −4 4 27.68 0.2217 0.2767
4 4 21.49 0.3130 0.4551
−2 −4 28.12 0.3350 0.2835
6 −10 15.33 0.5915 0.3515 −2 −2 28.58 0.3118 0.2903
6 −8 18.65 0.5608 0.3691 −2 0 28.88 0.2883 0.2974
6 −6 18.02 0.5283 0.3877 −2 2 29.00 0.2644 0.3049
6 −4 19.36 0.4948 0.4072 −2 4 28.93 0.2401 0.3128
6 −2 20.55 0.4603 0.4282
6 0 21.45 0.4250 0.4508 0 −8 27.22 0.4130 0.2972
E 1360
TABLE 1 Continued
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
6 2 21.89 0.3885 0.4758 0 −6 28.14 0.3886 0.3050
6 4 21.91 0.3498 0.5046 0 −4 28.93 0.3640 0.3131
0 −2 29.57 0.3391 0.3218
−1 −5 −1 22.61 0.2618 0.2405 0 0 30.00 0.3138 0.3310
−5 1 22.69 0.2397 0.2454 0 2 30.20 0.2882 0.3406
−5 3 22.66 0.2176 0.2504 0 4 30.13 0.2617 0.3511
0 6 29.77 0.2345 0.3622
−3 −3 23.36 0.3099 0.2670
−3 −1 23.67 0.2856 0.2734 2 −8 27.35 0.4469 0.3230
−3 1 23.81 0.2612 0.2801 2 −6 28.50 0.4212 0.3327
−3 3 23.81 0.2364 0.2871 2 −4 29.52 0.3951 0.3429
−3 5 23.64 0.2113 0.2945 2 −2 30.36 0.3688 0.3537
2 0 30.95 0.3421 0.3652
−1 −7 22.97 0.3911 0.2841 2 2 31.25 0.3147 0.3775
−1 −5 23.68 0.3652 0.2917 2 4 31.19 0.2863 0.3909
−1 −3 24.27 0.3392 0.2996 2 6 30.73 0.2567 0.4056
−1 −1 24.70 0.3129 0.3081
−1 1 24.94 0.2861 0.3171 4 −8 27.16 0.4824 0.3475
−1 3 24.96 0.2588 0.3266
−1 5 24.74 0.2308 0.3369
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
4 −6 28.55 0.4555 0.3594 9
...

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5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.  
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):  
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
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1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1336-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Obtaining Colorimetric Data From a Visual Display Unit by Spectroradiometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
5.2 The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.  
1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement.  
4.3 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer in which the spectral distribution of the illumination on the specimen can be altered by the user in one of several ways. The modification of the illumination can either be by the insertion of optical filters between the illuminating source and the specimen, without interfering with the detection of the radiation from the specimen, or by interchange of the illuminating and detecting systems of the instrument or by scanning of both the illuminating energy and detection output as in the two-monochromator method.  
4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
Note 2: In editions of E1247 – 92 and earlier, the test of fluorescence was the two sets of spectral transmittances or radiance factor (reflectance factors) differ by 1 % of full scale at the wavelength of greatest difference.  
4.5 Either bidirectional or hemispherical instrument geometry may be used in this practice. The instrument must be capable of providing either broadband (white light) irradiation on the specimen or monochromatic irradiation and monochromatic detection.  
4.6 This practice describes methods to detect the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
1.3 Within the above limitations, this practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1164-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them, other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors of objects.  
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.  
1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicability are noted.  
1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and spectrocolorimeters that employ only a single monochromator. This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized for color.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1535-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing or desired color. It is used in the natural sciences to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used for color tolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tolerance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, and acceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the specification, before bidding to supply the color or starting production. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be translated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination. This color-order system is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal Color Language, which associates color names, in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2867-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimating Uncertainty of Test Results Derived from Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
5.2 Preparation of uncertainty estimates is a requirement for laboratory certification under ISO 17025. This practice describes the procedures by which such uncertainty estimates may be calculated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a protocol to be utilized by measurement laboratories for estimating and reporting the uncertainty of a measurement result when the result is derived from a measurand that has been obtained by spectrophotometry.  
1.2 This practice is specifically limited to the reporting of uncertainty of color measurement results that are reported as color-differences in ΔE format, even though the measurement itself may be reported in other units such as percent reflectance or transmittance.  
1.3 The procedures defined here are not intended to be applicable to national standardizing laboratories or transfer laboratories.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2244-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens.  
5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔE00 units (6) are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. This color-difference equation is appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles.  
5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference.  
5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lig...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1),2 CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99o color difference formula given in DIN 6176  (4), or the CIEDE2000 color difference units (5).  
1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1682-08(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Modeling the Colorimetric Properties of a CRT-Type Visual Display Unit

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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