iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E1331-15(2023)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.  
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):  
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2023
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1331-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM E1164-23 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
01-Jun-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6131-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Relative Tint Undertone of Titanium Dioxide Pigments
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E2938-15 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Relative-Range Measurement Performance of 3D Imaging Systems in the Medium Range
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6441-05(2016) - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1477-98a(2022) - Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM D7990-21 - Standard Test Method for Using Reflectance Spectra to Produce an Index of Temperature Rise in Polymeric Siding
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM D5531-17(2023) - Standard Guide for Preparation, Maintenance, and Distribution of Physical Product Standards for Color and Geometric Appearance of Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM D5326-22 - Standard Test Method for Color Development in Tinted Latex Paints
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E3125-17 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Point-to-Point Distance Measurement Performance of Spherical Coordinate 3D Imaging Systems in the Medium Range
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6531-00(2019) - Standard Test Method for Relative Tinting Strength of Aqueous Ink Systems by Instrumental Measurement
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM D3451-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1247-12(2023) - Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023

Buy Standard

ASTM E1331-15(2023) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryASTM E1331-15(2023) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM E1331-15(2023) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1331 − 15 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
of Materials
ment of the reflection properties and color of object-color
E284 Terminology of Appearance
specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolo-
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using
rimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as
the CIE System
an integrating sphere.
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
color specimens. However, it should not be used for retrore-
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
flective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss sur-
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-
faces should preferably not be measured by use of this
Color Evaluation
geometry.
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- 4. Summary of Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
using a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
a hemispherical optical measuring system such as an integrat-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ing sphere.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
measurement.
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
4.3 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to
Coordinates
compute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately
following the measurement. When this is the case, the user
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
must select the color system, observer, and illuminant (see
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Practice E308, Procedure).
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E1331 – 15 (2019).
5. Significance and Use
DOI: 10.1520/E1331-15R23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1331 − 15 (2023)
either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring sys- 6.2.1 White standard, of hemispherical reflectance factor
tems. This test method provides procedures for such measure- (mandatory). (A standard of bidirectional reflectance factor is
ment by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical not satisfactory and should not be used.)
optical measuring system. 6.2.2 Calibration standards, for (1) setting or verifying zero
on the photometric scale; (2) verifying the wavelength scale;
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement
and (3) evaluating stray light (optional).
of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses
6.2.3 Verification standards, (recommended) (Practice
(Guide E179 and Practice E805):
E1164, Standardization and Material Standards).
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for
use in computer colorant formulation.
7. Specimen Selection
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss
7.1 For highest precision and accuracy, select specimens
specimens, the specular component should generally be ex-
with the following properties:
cluded during the measurement.
7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from blemishes
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-
in the area to be measured,
gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including
7.1.2 Opaque specimens that have at least one plane surface,
textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be
and
distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be
7.1.3 Translucent specimens that have two essentially plane
made with the specular component included, but the resulting
and parallel surfaces and that have a standard thickness, when
color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments
one is specified (Practice E1164, Test Specimens).
of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or
0/45, may lead to better correlations.
8. Calibration and Verification
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss
8.1 Set the instrument for inclusion or exclusion of the
(matte) specimens, the specular component may either be
specular component of reflection; set the same as will be used
excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results
in 8.4 (if carried out) or 9.1.
should be apparent.
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assess- 8.2 Calibrate or verify the calibration of the following
ment. For this application, the specular component should (Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards):
generally be included during the measurement.
8.2.1 Zero setting of the reflectance scale (mandatory),
8.2.2 Wavelength scale (recommended), and
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement
8.2.3 Stray-light level (optional).
of the following types of specimens, for which the use of
bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is prefer-
8.3 Calibrate the full-scale value of the reflectance scale of
able (Guide E179):
the instrument by use of the white reflectance standard (man-
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,
datory). Follow the instrument manufacturer’s instructions.
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and
8.4 Verify the accuracy of the instrumental data by measure-
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E991).
ment of a series of verification standards (recommended)
5.3.3.1 When there is doubt as to whether the specular
(Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards).
component of reflection should be included or excluded, both
Select the appropriate color scales, observer, and illuminant for
measurements should be made, and the results correlated with
the computation of color coordinates before measurement.
visual judgments. Thereafter, the method with higher visual
correlation should be utilized. NOTE 1—If the verification standards require a different selection of
including or excluding the specular component than does 9.1,
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E2214-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In today's commerce, instrument makers and instrument users must deal with a large array of bench-top and portable color-measuring instruments, many with different geometric and spectral characteristics. At the same time, manufacturers of colored goods are adopting quality management systems that require periodic verification of the performance of the instruments that are critical to the quality of the final product. The technology involved in optics and electro-optics has progressed greatly over the last decade. The result has been a generation of instruments that are both more affordable and higher in performance. What had been a tool for the research laboratory is now available to the retail point of sale, to manufacturing, to design, and to corporate communications. New documentary standards have been published that encourage the use of colorimeters, spectrocolorimeters, and colorimetric spetrometers in applications previously dominated by visual expertise or by filter densitometers.7 Therefore, it is necessary to determine if an instrument is suitable to the application and to verify that an instrument or instruments are working within the required operating parameters.  
5.2 This practice provides descriptions of some common instrumental parameters that relate to the way an instrument will contribute to the quality and consistency of the production of colored goods. It also describes some of the material standards required to assess the performance of a color-measuring instrument and suggests some tests and test reports to aid in verifying the performance of the instrument relative to its intended application.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers standard terms and procedures for describing and characterizing the performance of spectral and filter based instruments designed to measure and compute the colorimetric properties of materials and objects. It does not set the specifications but rather gives the format and process by which specifications can be determined, communicated and verified.  
1.2 This practice does not describe methods that are generally applicable to visible-range spectroscopic instruments used for analytical chemistry (UV-VIS spectrophotometers). ASTM Committee E13 on Molecular Spectroscopy and Chromatography includes such procedures in standards under their jurisdiction.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E808-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing Retroreflection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice applies to any measurement of reflectance in which the angle at the sample between the direction of the incident radiation and the direction of viewing is less than approximately 10°, and the reflected radiation is concentrated in a direction opposite to the direction of incidence.  
4.2 The CIE (goniometer) system described in 6.1.1 was developed by the Subcommittee on Retroreflection of Committee 2.3 on Materials of the International Commission on Illumination (Commission International de l'Eclairage, CIE). It is intended to provide a common basis for the measurement of retroreflection, which should be used worldwide.  
4.3 This practice provides alternative geometric coordinate systems useful for visualizing relationships between various angles in actual use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers terminology, alternative geometrical coordinate systems, and procedures for designating angles in descriptions of retroreflectors, specifications for retroreflector performance, and measurements of retroreflection.  
1.2 Terminology defined herein includes terms germane to other ASTM documents on retroreflection.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement.  
4.3 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer in which the spectral distribution of the illumination on the specimen can be altered by the user in one of several ways. The modification of the illumination can either be by the insertion of optical filters between the illuminating source and the specimen, without interfering with the detection of the radiation from the specimen, or by interchange of the illuminating and detecting systems of the instrument or by scanning of both the illuminating energy and detection output as in the two-monochromator method.  
4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
Note 2: In editions of E1247 – 92 and earlier, the test of fluorescence was the two sets of spectral transmittances or radiance factor (reflectance factors) differ by 1 % of full scale at the wavelength of greatest difference.  
4.5 Either bidirectional or hemispherical instrument geometry may be used in this practice. The instrument must be capable of providing either broadband (white light) irradiation on the specimen or monochromatic irradiation and monochromatic detection.  
4.6 This practice describes methods to detect the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
1.3 Within the above limitations, this practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1164-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them, other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by the use of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained by combining object spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colors of objects.  
1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.  
1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicability are noted.  
1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers and spectrocolorimeters that employ only a single monochromator. This practice is general as to the materials to be characterized for color.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1336-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Obtaining Colorimetric Data From a Visual Display Unit by Spectroradiometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.  
5.2 The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.  
1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2244-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens.  
5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔE00 units (6) are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. This color-difference equation is appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles.  
5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference.  
5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lig...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1),2 CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99o color difference formula given in DIN 6176  (4), or the CIEDE2000 color difference units (5).  
1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2867-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimating Uncertainty of Test Results Derived from Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
5.2 Preparation of uncertainty estimates is a requirement for laboratory certification under ISO 17025. This practice describes the procedures by which such uncertainty estimates may be calculated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a protocol to be utilized by measurement laboratories for estimating and reporting the uncertainty of a measurement result when the result is derived from a measurand that has been obtained by spectrophotometry.  
1.2 This practice is specifically limited to the reporting of uncertainty of color measurement results that are reported as color-differences in ΔE format, even though the measurement itself may be reported in other units such as percent reflectance or transmittance.  
1.3 The procedures defined here are not intended to be applicable to national standardizing laboratories or transfer laboratories.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1535-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing or desired color. It is used in the natural sciences to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used for color tolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tolerance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, and acceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the specification, before bidding to supply the color or starting production. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be translated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination. This color-order system is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal Color Language, which associates color names, in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    41 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2970-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Natural Colour System (NCS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Natural Colour System is a color notation system that builds on how a human being sees color. An NCS notation represents a specific color percept and describes the color as perceived; it is not dependent on limitations caused by pigments, light rays or nerve signals that have given rise to this perception. The NCS system is used internationally in such fields as architecture, corporate identity, cosmetics, education, fashion and textile forecasting and production, interior design and product design. The Natural Colour System describes colors exactly as they are seen. Any of the millions of colors that exist can be defined within the NCS system and given a precise notation. When the NCS system is known, it is possible to judge the attributes of a color by its NCS notation; for example, how much blackness, how much chromaticness, and what hue? This helps to communicate and check specifications and to identify colors. Some examples of the use of NCS are: (1) Architects and designers use the NCS color samples to select colors for all kind of products and materials; (2) They also use the NCS notation to analyze the colors in use in a particular area and to document their specifications; (3) Companies use the NCS color samples as the production standards for their products; (4) Paint manufacturers and other industries use the NCS notation and the NCS color samples to visualize the color of their products to customers, and (5) Companies use the NCS samples as high quality color standards in corporate identity programs and manuals.
SCOPE
1.1 The Natural Colour System (NCS) (see 1.7) provides a color notation system that can be used to communicate color. This practice introduces the Natural Colour System, its terminology, and conversion to and from CIE tristimulus values.  
1.2 The system described in this standard includes color percepts that appear to belong to the surface of a material, provided the surface is not perceived to be fluorescent or to exhibit directional color effects.  
1.3 The system does not include colors that appear to belong to translucent or luminescent objects (so-called volume colors and luminous colors), nor does it include other visual properties of the surface layer, such as gloss and texture. An NCS notation does not describe the physical or chemical properties of an object.  
1.4 This practice also specifies the conditions for visual or instrumental determination of the NCS notation of a color sample, defines the relationships between psychometrically determined NCS notations and the corresponding CIE color coordinates which are to be used in this context.  
1.5 For the accuracy requirements associated with NCS standards and NCS color samples, the user is referred to Swedish Standard SS 19104. The colored illustrations in this standard shall not be used as standard color samples in any way. Color illustrations that are shown on screen or in printouts may be significantly different than the original NCS color samples with the same NCS Notation due to limited color reproduction capabilities in screens and printers.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 Acknowledgement—NCS, Natural Colour System is a trademark of the NCS Colour AB Stockholm, Sweden and is protected by copyright (www.ncscolour.com). All rights reserved. Original NCS color samples are only available form NCS Colour AB or any authorized NCS distributor. Commercial use of the NCS System requires a license from NCS Colour AB.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internation...

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1348-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by transmittance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Fully transparent specimens (free from turbidity, haze, or translucency), and  
5.2.2 Translucent or hazy specimens, provided that the specimen can be placed flush against the transmission port of the integrating sphere.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of retroreflective transparent or translucent specimens, or samples that are fluorescent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the sphere.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off