ASTM D4029-97
(Specification)Standard Specification for Finished Woven Glass Fabrics
Standard Specification for Finished Woven Glass Fabrics
SCOPE
1.1 This specification primarily covers finished fabrics woven from "E" electrical glass fiber yarns that are intended primarily as a reinforcing material in laminated plastics for structural use. This specification can also be applied to fabrics made of glass fiber types as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
1.2 This specification specifies the terminology, definitions, general requirements, and physical requirements for woven glass fiber finished fabrics. This specification permits the application of sizing materials to the glass fiber yarn during manufacture that helps facilitate weaving. When used as permitted in this specification, such materials are compatible with the resin matrix as specified in the contracting instrument. Note 1-Sizing materials on glass fiber yarns, in most cases, are removed by various cleaning procedures as a first stage in preparing a finished fabric. When these yarn sizing materials are removed during a cleaning procedure they need not be compatible with the subsequent resin matrix.
1.3 This specification shows the values in both inch-pound units and in SI units. "Inch-pound units" is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. "SI" units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of each other, without combining values in any way.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 2-This specification is one of a series to provide a substitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140H MIL-C-9084C Additional ASTM specifications in this series are currently being drafted and will appear in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards , as available. These are to include greige glass fabrics, glass tapes, glass sleevings, glass yarns, glass cords, glass sewing thread, and finished laminates made from finished glass fabrics. Note 3-Specification D2150, for Woven Glass Fabric for Polyester Glass Laminates, is being extensively revised. This method will contain test methods and requirements for laminated plastics made from fabrics referenced in this specification.
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Designation: D 4029 – 97
Standard Specification for
Finished Woven Glass Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4029; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
test methods and requirements for laminated plastics made from fabrics
1. Scope
referenced in this specification.
1.1 This specification covers finished fabrics woven from
“E” electrical glass fiber yarns that are intended as a reinforc-
2. Referenced Documents
ing material in laminated plastics for structural use. This
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specification can also be applied to fabrics made of glass fiber
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
types as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
D 578 Specification for Glass Fiber Strands
1.2 This specification specifies the terminology, definitions,
D 579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
general requirements, and physical requirements for woven
D 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
glass fiber finished fabrics. This specification permits the
Length Specimens
application of sizing materials to the glass fiber yarn during
D 1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by the Direct-
manufacture that helps facilitate weaving. When used as
Counting Method
permitted in this specification, such materials are compatible
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
with the resin matrix as specified in the contracting instrument.
D 1777 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Textile
NOTE 1—Sizing materials on glass fiber yarns, in most cases, are Materials
removed by various cleaning procedures as a first stage in preparing a
D 2150 Specification for Woven Glass Fabric for Polyester
finished fabric. When these yarn sizing materials are removed during a
Glass Laminates
cleaning procedure they need not be compatible with the subsequent resin
D 2408 Test Method for Finish Content of Woven Glass
matrix.
Fabric, Cleaned and After-Finished with Amino-Silane
1.3 This specification shows values in both SI units and in
Type Finishes, for Plastic Laminates
inch-pound units. “SI units” is the technically correct name for
D 2409 Test Method for Finish Content of Woven Glass
the system of metric units known as the International System of
Fabric, Cleaned and After-Finished with Vinyl-Silane Type
Units.“ Inch-pound units” is the technically correct name for
Finishes, for Plastic Laminates
the customary units used in the United States. The values in SI
D 2410 Test Method for Finish Content of Woven Glass
units are provided as information only; the values stated in
Fabric, Cleaned and After-Finished with Chrome Com-
inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
plexes, for Plastic Laminates
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 2660 Test Method for Finish Content of Woven Glass
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Fabric, Cleaned and After-Finished with Acrylic-Silane
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Type Finishes, for Plastic Laminates
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 3098 Test Method for Finish Content of Woven Glass
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Fabric, Cleaned and After-Finished with Epoxy—
Functional Silane-Type Finishes for Plastic Laminates
NOTE 2—This specification is one of a series to provide a substitute for
D 3773 Test Methods for Length of Woven Fabric
Military Specifications:
MIL-Y-1140H D 3774 Test Methods for Width of Woven Fabric
MIL-C-9084C
D 3775 Test Method for Fabric Count of Woven Fabric
NOTE 3—Specification D 2150, for Woven Glass Fabric for Polyester
D 3776 Test Methods for Mass per Unit Area (Weight) of
Glass Laminates, is being extensively revised. This method will contain
Woven Fabric
D 4357 Specification for Plastic Laminates Made from
Woven-Roving and Woven-Yarn Glass Fabrics
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.18 on Glass Fiber and
Its Products.
Current edition approved April 10, 1997. Published July 1997. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
published as D 4029 – 81. Last previous edition D 4029 – 90. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 07.02.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4029–97
D 4963 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Strands and 3.1.7 mock leno weave, n—a weave in which the warp yarns
Fabrics remain parallel but form open warp stripes by programmed
E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi- interlacing of warp and filling yarns simulating a leno appear-
tioning and Testing Materials ance.
2.2 ANSI Standard: 3.1.8 twelve-harness satin, n—a weave similar to eight-
ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 Sampling Procedures for Inspection by harness satin except in warp-faced fabrics warp yarns show on
Attributes the face of the fabric eleven out of twelve adjacent yarns and
2.3 Military Standard and Specifications: in filling-faced fabrics filling yarns show on the face of the
MIL-Y-1140H Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth and Tape-Glass fabric eleven out of twelve adjacent yarns.
MIL-C-9084C Cloth, Glass Finished for Resin Laminates 3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
2.4 Textile Institute Documents: specification, refer to Terminology D 123.
Textile Terms and Definitions
CLASSIFICATION
Woven Cloth Construction
3. Terminology
4. Classification
3.1 Definitions:
4.1 The designation of a fabric shall be by style numbers
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing textiles, n—for glass, air main-
that are standard throughout the industry. Generally used style
tained at a relative humidity of at least 48 % and no greater
numbers are listed in numerical order in Table 1.
than 67 %, and at a temperature of at least 68°F (20°C) and no
greater than 77°F (25°C).
REQUIREMENTS
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Glass textiles are used in various prod-
ucts such as reinforced plastics, mat-like material, tire cords,
5. Material
electrical insulation, etc. Each of these materials require
5.1 The fiber shall be continuous filament, unless otherwise
different testing atmospheres. It is the intent of this wide spread
specified, free of any free alkali metal salts, such as soda or
in testing atmosphere to allow testing of glass textiles in
potash, and foreign particles, dirt, and other impurities.
respective laboratories where end product test atmosphere
requirements differ. The test atmospheres for respective prod-
6. Fabric Count
ucts should be controlled as specified in Specification E 171. It
6.1 For fabrics listed in Table 1, the nominal fabric count
is the opinion of Subcommittee D13.18 that the physical
shall conform to the requirements of Table 1. For fabrics not
properties cited in respective specifications would not be
listed in Table 1, the nominal fabric count shall be agreed upon
affected by the range selected. In any event, the test atmosphere
between the purchaser and the supplier. The average count of
should be stated in the report.
warp ends may be within two ends of the nominal count and
3.1.2 continuous filament yarn, n—a yarn made of filaments
the average count of the filling picks shall be within two picks
that extend substantially throughout the length of the yarn.
of the nominal count.
3.1.3 crowfoot weave, n—a broken-twill weave one-up and
three-down or three-up and one-down with two ends to the
7. Yarn Designations
right and two ends to the left, commonly referred to as
7.1 For fabrics listed in Table 1, the yarn designations shall
4-harness satin or broken crow.
conform to the requirements of Table 1. For fabrics not listed
3.1.4 eight-harness satin, n—a warp-faced or filling-faced
in Table 1, the yarn designations may be agreed upon between
weave illustrating the entire face of the fabric surface that is
the purchaser and the supplier. The requirements of the
covered with warp or filling yarn, respectively.
individual elements of the designation are specified in Sections
3.1.4.1 Discussion—There are no distinguishable diagonal
8-12.
lines. In warp-faced fabrics warp yarns show on the face of the
7.1.1 In some cases ECE 225 yarn is specified in Table 1.
fabric seven out of eight adjacent yarns, and in filling-faced
Due to the frequent unavailability of ECE 225 yarn, ECD 225
fabrics filling yarns show on the face of the fabric seven out of
may be substituted with no significant decrease in property
eight adjacent yarns.
performance.
3.1.5 finished, adj—for glass laminates, a descriptive term
for woven fabrics that have passed through a treating procedure
8. Yarn Number
which is compatible with a resin matrix or facilitates manu-
8.1 For fabrics listed in Table 1, the nominal size-free yarn
facturing, or both.
numbers of the yarns designated shall conform to Specification
3.1.6 leno weave, n—a weave in which two adjacent warp
D 578. For fabrics not listed in Table 1, the nominal size-free
yarns cross each other between the picks.
yarn number may be agreed upon between the purchaser and
the supplier.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
9. Filament Diameter
Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
9.1 The nominal filament diameter for the yarns in the fabric
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, ATTN: NPODS.
shall conform to the nominal range for filament diameter
Available from the Textile Institute, 10 Blackfriars St., Manchester, M3 5DR
England. average values specified in Table 1 of Specification D 578.
D4029–97
NOTE 4—During the processing of glass fabrics the selvages may be slit
10. Strand Construction
to minimize tension influences. This slit distance is generally excluded
10.1 The basis for specifying strand construction is given in
when measuring the fabric width.
Specification D 578. For fabrics listed in Table 1, the construc-
tion of the component strands shall conform to the require- 18. Length
ments of Table 1. For fabrics not listed in Table 1, the
18.1 The fabric length on each roll shall be 100 6 25 yd (90
construction of the component strands may be agreed upon
6 23 m) unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser
between the purchaser and the supplier.
and the supplier. The fabric on each roll shall consist of no
more than three pieces, and the minimum length of any piece
11. Direction of Twist
shall be 15 m or 15 yd, unless otherwise agreed upon between
11.1 The primary twist in the singles strands shall be “Z”
the purchaser and the supplier. None of the sample rolls shall
twist and the final twist in the plied yarns shall be “S” twist
contain more than the allowable pieces, and the combined
unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and the
length of all of the sample rolls shall not be less than the
supplier.
combined length of those rolls on the identification labels. All
splices may be thermoset unless otherwise agreed upon
12. Twist Level
between the purchaser and the supplier.
12.1 The nominal twist in the component strands and the
19. Ignition Loss
finished yarns shall conform to the requirements of Table 1
unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and the
19.1 The ignition loss of finished fabric may be no less than
supplier. The tolerances for the primary twist and the final twist
0.075 % and no more than 0.25 % unless otherwise agreed
shall conform to Table 2.
upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
NOTE 5—In certain cases the limits of the ignition loss may exceed that
13. Fabric Weave Type
described in 19.1. When this limit is known, it must be specified in the
13.1 For fabrics listed in Table 1, the fabric weave type shall
contractual document.
conform to the requirements of Table 1. For fabrics not listed
19.2 The type of, nominal level of, and tolerances for fabric
in Table 1, the fabric weave type may be agreed upon between
finish may be agreed upon between the purchaser and the
the purchaser and the supplier.
supplier. The fabric finish should be compatible with, and
produce the required performance characteristics for the resin
14. Mass Per Unit Area
system specified in the applicable laminate specification or
14.1 For fabrics listed in Table 1, the nominal mass per unit
other procurement document. If the purchaser and the supplier
area shall conform to the requirement of Table 1. For fabrics
agree that laminate testing (wet and dry) is to be used to
not listed in Table 1, the nominal mass per unit area may be
determine acceptability of the finish content, this fact and the
agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The
test method may be specified in the contracting document.
average mass per unit area for the lot shall conform to the
requirements of Table 3.
20. Fabric Appearance
20.1 The woven finished fabric shall be generally uniform
15. Thickness
in quality and condition, clean, smooth, and free of foreign
15.1 For fabrics listed in Table 1, the nominal thickness
particles and defects detrimental to fabrication, appearance, or
shall conform to the requirements of Table 1. For fabrics not
performance.
listed in Table 1, the nominal thickness may be agreed upon
20.2 The fabric in the laboratory sample for the fabric
between the purchaser and the supplier. The average thickness
appearance shall be examined for the defects listed in Table 5
of the fabric in the lot shall conform to the requirements of
and the acceptable quality levels (AQLs) shall be 2.5 major and
Table 4, unless otherwise specified.
6.5 total (major and minor combined) defects per hundred units
of fabric unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser
16. Breaking Strength
and the supplier.
16.1 For fabrics listed in Table 1, the minimum breaking
20.3 When specified, the warp direction of the fabric may be
strength shall conform to the requirements of Table 1. For
marked by blue direction-indicator yarns running warpwise in
fabrics not listed in Table 1, the minimum breaking strength
the cloth and spaced approximately 6 in. (150 mm) apart.
may be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
The average breaking strength for the lot shall exceed the
21. Put-Up
specified breaking strength, and no individual break shall be
21.1 Fabric shall be furnished in rolls and shall be wound on
less than 80 % of the specified minimum breaking stre
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